— p. 1 — NASA
UNIDENTIFIED ANOMALOUS PHENOMENA
Independent Study Team Report
— 第 1 页 — NASA
不明异常现象(UNIDENTIFIED ANOMALOUS PHENOMENA)
独立研究小组报告
— p. 2 — Members of the NASA Unidentified Anomalous
Phenomena Independent Study Team
Dr. Anamaria Berea
George Mason University
Dr. Federica Bianco
University of Delaware
Dr. Reggie Brothers
AE Industrial Partners
Dr. Paula Bontempi
University of Rhode Island
Dr. Jennifer Buss
Potomac Institute of Policy Studies
Dr. Nadia Drake
Science Journalist
Mr. Mike Gold
Redwire Space
Dr. David Grinspoon
Planetary Science Institute
Capt. Scott Kelly, USN, Ret.
NASA Astronaut, Ret.
Dr. Matt Mountain
Association of Universities
for Research and Astronomy
Mr. Warren Randolph
Federal Aviation Administration
Dr. Walter Scott
Maxar Technologies
Dr. Joshua Semeter
Boston University
Dr. Karlin Toner
Federal Aviation Administration
Dr. Shelley Wright
University of California, San Diego
Designated Federal Official
Dr. Daniel Evans
NASA Headquarters
Chair
Dr. David Spergel
Simons Foundation
Front and back cover photos: views of the earth as photographed
from the Earth-orbital Apollo 4 unmanned space mission.
All photos are from NASA unless otherwise indicated.
Panelists
— 第 2 页 — NASA 不明异常现象独立研究小组成员
Dr. Anamaria Berea — 乔治梅森大学(George Mason University)
Dr. Federica Bianco — 特拉华大学(University of Delaware)
Dr. Reggie Brothers — AE Industrial Partners
Dr. Paula Bontempi — 罗德岛大学(University of Rhode Island)
Dr. Jennifer Buss — 波托马克政策研究所(Potomac Institute of Policy Studies)
Dr. Nadia Drake — 科学记者
Mr. Mike Gold — Redwire Space
Dr. David Grinspoon — 行星科学研究所(Planetary Science Institute)
Capt. Scott Kelly, USN, Ret.(美国海军退役上校)— NASA 退役宇航员
Dr. Matt Mountain — 天文学研究大学联盟(Association of Universities for Research and Astronomy)
Mr. Warren Randolph — 联邦航空管理局(Federal Aviation Administration)
Dr. Walter Scott — Maxar Technologies
Dr. Joshua Semeter — 波士顿大学(Boston University)
Dr. Karlin Toner — 联邦航空管理局(Federal Aviation Administration)
Dr. Shelley Wright — 加州大学圣地亚哥分校(University of California, San Diego)
指定联邦官员(Designated Federal Official)
Dr. Daniel Evans — NASA 总部
主席(Chair)
Dr. David Spergel — 西蒙斯基金会(Simons Foundation)
封面与封底照片:从地球轨道上的 Apollo 4 无人航天任务拍摄的地球景象。除另有注明外,所有照片均来自 NASA。
小组成员(Panelists)
— p. 3 — EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
RESPONSES TO STATEMENT OF TASK
OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
WORK PRODUCTS: DISCUSSION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Group Photo: Members of the NASA Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Independent Study Team.
3
7
9
11
21
23
24
— 第 3 页 — 执行摘要(EXECUTIVE SUMMARY) ... 3
前言(FOREWORD) ... 7
引言(INTRODUCTION) ... 9
对任务陈述的回应(RESPONSES TO STATEMENT OF TASK) ... 11
总体结论与建议(OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS) ... 21
致谢(ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS) ... 23
工作成果:讨论(WORK PRODUCTS: DISCUSSION) ... 24
目录(TABLE OF CONTENTS)
合影:NASA 不明异常现象独立研究小组成员。
— p. 4 — 2
This is a type of lightning known as a red sprite — a phenomenon that has rarely been photographed in this
amount of detail. Some thunderstorms produce sprites, but most do not. Photo credit: Stephane Vetter (TWAN)
— 第 4 页 — [图:这是一种被称为“红色精灵”(red sprite)的闪电——一种极少能被如此细致拍摄到的现象。某些雷暴会产生精灵,但大多数不会。摄影:Stephane Vetter (TWAN)]
— p. 5 — 3
The study of Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) presents a unique
scientific opportunity that demands a rigorous, evidence-based approach.
Addressing this challenge will require new and robust data acquisition methods,
advanced analysis techniques, a systematic reporting framework and reducing
reporting stigma. NASA – with its extensive expertise in these domains and
global reputation for scientific openness – is in an excellent position to contribute
to UAP studies within the broader whole-of-government framework led by the
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO).
NASA has a variety of existing and planned Earth- and space-observing assets,
together with an extensive archive of historic and current data sets, which
should be directly leveraged to understand UAP. Although NASA’s fleet of
Earth-observing satellites typically lack the spatial resolution to detect relatively
small objects such as UAP, their state-of-the-art sensors can be directly utilized
to probe the state of the local earth, oceanic, and atmospheric conditions that
are spatially and temporally coincident with UAPs initially detected via other
methods. Thus, NASA’s assets can play a vital role by directly determining
whether specific environmental factors are associated with certain reported UAP
behaviors or occurrences.
Next, the U.S. commercial remote-sensing industry offers a potent mix of
Earth-observing satellites that offer imagery at sub- to several-meter spatial
resolution, which is well-matched to the typical spatial scales of known UAP.
Although every point on Earth does not have constant high-resolution coverage,
the panel finds nonetheless that such commercial constellations could offer
a powerful complement to the detection and study of UAP when coincident
collection occurs.
At present, analysis of UAP data is hampered by poor sensor calibration, the
lack of multiple measurements, the lack of sensor metadata, and the lack of
baseline data. Making a concerted effort to improve all aspects is vital, and
NASA’s expertise should be comprehensively leveraged as part of a robust and
systematic data acquisition strategy within the whole-of-government framework.
Moving forward, NASA should contribute to a comprehensive, government-wide
approach to collecting future data. The importance of detecting UAP with multiple,
well-calibrated sensors is paramount, and NASA could potentially leverage its
considerable expertise in this domain to utilize multispectral or hyperspectral
data as part of a rigorous data acquisition campaign.
The panel finds that artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are
essential tools for identifying rare occurrences, potentially including UAP,
within vast datasets. However, these powerful techniques will only work on
well-characterized data gathered with respect to strong standards. NASA’s
extensive experience in the application of state-of-the-art computational and
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
NASA is in an excellent position
to contribute to UAP studies
within the broader whole-of-
government framework.
— 第 5 页 — 执行摘要(EXECUTIVE SUMMARY)
对不明异常现象(UAP)的研究呈现出一个独特的科学机遇,它要求一种严谨的、基于证据的方法。应对这一挑战将需要新的、稳健的数据获取方法、先进的分析技术、一套系统化的报告框架,以及减少报告污名。NASA——凭借其在这些领域的广泛专长以及在科学开放性方面的全球声誉——处于绝佳位置,可在由全域异常解决办公室(AARO)领导的更广泛的全政府框架内为 UAP 研究作出贡献。
NASA 拥有多种现有及计划中的对地与对空观测资产,连同一份内容广泛的历史与当前数据集档案,应被直接加以利用以理解 UAP。尽管 NASA 的对地观测卫星群通常缺乏探测像 UAP 这样相对较小物体所需的空间分辨率,但其最先进的传感器可被直接用于探测与 UAP(最初通过其他方法探测到的)在空间和时间上重合的当地地表、海洋及大气状况。因此,NASA 的资产可发挥关键作用,直接确定特定环境因素是否与某些已报告的 UAP 行为或发生情形相关联。
其次,美国商业遥感产业提供了一组强大的对地观测卫星组合,它们提供亚米至数米空间分辨率的图像,与已知 UAP 的典型空间尺度十分匹配。尽管地球上并非每个点都有持续的高分辨率覆盖,但小组仍发现,当出现重合采集时,此类商业星座可为 UAP 的探测与研究提供有力补充。
目前,UAP 数据的分析受到传感器校准不佳、缺乏多次测量、缺乏传感器元数据以及缺乏基线数据的阻碍。齐心协力改善所有这些方面至关重要,而 NASA 的专长应作为全政府框架内一套稳健而系统的数据获取战略的一部分得到全面利用。
展望未来,NASA 应为一种全面的、覆盖整个政府的未来数据收集方法作出贡献。用多个、校准良好的传感器探测 UAP 的重要性至关重要,NASA 可潜在地利用其在该领域的相当专长,将多光谱或高光谱数据作为严谨数据获取活动的一部分。
小组发现,人工智能(AI)与机器学习(ML)是在海量数据集中识别罕见现象(潜在地包括 UAP)的必备工具。然而,这些强大的技术只有在依照严格标准收集的、特征明确的数据上才能奏效。因此,NASA 在应用最先进的计算与数据分析技术方面的广泛经验应被加以利用以提供关键协助。再次强调,恰当的数据收集、整理与分发至关重要;NASA 凭借其在这些方面世界领先的经验,处于发挥主导作用的有利位置。
[旁注:NASA 处于绝佳位置,可在更广泛的全政府框架内为 UAP 研究作出贡献。]
— p. 6 — 4
data-analysis techniques should therefore be leveraged to provide critical
assistance. Once again, appropriate data collection, curation, and distribution
are paramount; NASA, with its world-leading experience in these aspects is
well-positioned to play a leading role.
Engaging the public is also a critical aspect of understanding UAP. The panel
sees several advantages to augmenting data collection efforts using modern
crowdsourcing techniques, including open-source smartphone-based apps that
simultaneously gather imaging data and other smartphone sensor metadata
from multiple citizen observers worldwide. NASA should therefore explore the
viability of developing or acquiring such a crowdsourcing system as part of its
strategy. In turn, the panel finds that there is currently no standardized system
for making civilian UAP reports, resulting in sparse and incomplete data devoid
of curation or vetting protocols. NASA should play a vital role by assisting
AARO in its development of this Federal system.
The negative perception surrounding the reporting of UAP poses an obstacle to
collecting data on these phenomena. NASA’s very involvement in UAP will play
a vital role in reducing stigma associated with UAP reporting, which almost
certainly leads to data attrition at present. NASA’s long-standing public trust,
which is essential for communicating findings about these phenomena to
citizens, is crucial for destigmatizing UAP reporting. The scientific processes
used by NASA encourage critical thinking; NASA can model for the public how
to best approach the study of UAP, by utilizing transparent reporting, rigorous
analysis, and public engagement.
Finally, the threat to U.S. airspace safety posed by UAP is self-evident. The
panel finds that a particularly promising avenue for deeper integration within
a systematic, evidenced-based framework for UAP is the Aviation Safety
Reporting System (ASRS), which NASA administers for the FAA. This confi-
dential and voluntary reporting system for pilots, air traffic controllers, and
other professional aviation staff, receives approximately 100,000 reports per
year. Although not initially designed for UAP collection, better harnessing it for
commercial pilot UAP reporting would provide a critical database that would be
valuable for the whole-of-government effort to understand UAP. In turn, NASA’s
long history of partnership with the FAA should be leveraged to investigate how
advanced, real-time analysis techniques could be applied to future generations
of air traffic management (ATM) systems.
— 第 6 页 — 让公众参与也是理解 UAP 的一个关键方面。小组认为,运用现代众包技术(包括同时从全球多名公民观察者处采集成像数据及其他智能手机传感器元数据的开源智能手机应用)来增强数据收集工作有若干优势。因此,NASA 应探索开发或获取此类众包系统作为其战略一部分的可行性。反过来,小组发现目前尚无用于民用 UAP 报告的标准化系统,导致数据稀疏、不完整,且缺乏整理或核验规程。NASA 应通过协助 AARO 开发这一联邦系统而发挥关键作用。
围绕 UAP 报告的负面认知构成了收集这些现象数据的障碍。NASA 对 UAP 的参与本身将在减少与 UAP 报告相关的污名方面发挥关键作用——该污名目前几乎肯定导致了数据流失。NASA 长期以来的公众信任对于向公民传达关于这些现象的发现至关重要,也对消除 UAP 报告的污名至关重要。NASA 所采用的科学流程鼓励批判性思维;NASA 可通过运用透明报告、严谨分析与公众参与,为公众示范如何最好地处理 UAP 研究。
最后,UAP 对美国空域安全构成的威胁是不言而喻的。小组发现,一条在系统化、基于证据的 UAP 框架内进行更深整合的特别有前景的途径,是航空安全报告系统(Aviation Safety Reporting System, ASRS),NASA 代表 FAA 管理该系统。这一面向飞行员、空中交通管制员及其他专业航空人员的保密、自愿报告系统每年收到约100,000份报告。尽管它最初并非为 UAP 收集而设计,但更好地利用它来收集商业飞行员的 UAP 报告,将提供一个对全政府理解 UAP 之努力极具价值的关键数据库。反过来,NASA 与 FAA 长期的合作历史应被用于研究如何将先进的实时分析技术应用于下一代空中交通管理(ATM)系统。
— p. 7 — 5
An orbital sunrise photographed by an Expedition 40 crew member on the International Space Station.
FRAMEWORK OF RECOMMENDATIONS
Although AARO leads the whole-of-government response to UAP, the
panel recommends that NASA play an essential role within that framework.
NASA should leverage its core capabilities and expertise to determine
whether it should take a leading or supporting role in implementing a
given recommendation.
ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT
This report is organized as follows. We present a systematic response
to the eight charge elements that formed the Terms of Reference that
NASA provided to the Independent Study Team, followed by a detailed
set of conclusions and recommendations. These responses stemmed
from a series of sub-panel reports that the entire team deliberated in full
at the public meeting held on May 31, 2023, all of which are included
as work products toward the end of this report for full public transparency.
— 第 7 页 — [图:由国际空间站第40远征队(Expedition 40)一名成员拍摄的轨道日出。]
建议框架(FRAMEWORK OF RECOMMENDATIONS)
尽管 AARO 领导着全政府对 UAP 的应对,小组仍建议 NASA 在该框架内发挥不可或缺的作用。NASA 应利用其核心能力与专长,确定在实施某一特定建议时应担任主导还是支持角色。
本报告的组织方式(ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT)
本报告组织如下。我们对构成 NASA 向独立研究小组提供的《任务说明书》(Terms of Reference)的八项任务要素作出系统性回应,随后是一套详细的结论与建议。这些回应源自一系列分组报告,整个团队在2023年5月31日举行的公开会议上对其进行了充分审议,所有这些报告均作为工作成果收录于本报告末尾,以实现完全的公开透明。
— p. 8 — 6
The spectacular aurora borealis, or the “northern lights,” over Canada is sighted from the space station
near the highest point of its orbital path.
— 第 8 页 — [图:从空间站靠近其轨道路径最高点处看到的、加拿大上空壮观的北极光(“northern lights”)。]
— p. 9 — 7
FOREWORD
Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) are one of our planet’s greatest
mysteries. Observations of objects in our skies that cannot be identified as
balloons, aircraft, or natural known phenomena have been spotted worldwide,
yet there are limited high-quality observations. The nature of science is to
explore the unknown, and data is the language scientists use to discover our
universe’s secrets. Despite numerous accounts and visuals, the absence of
consistent, detailed, and curated observations means we do not presently have
the body of data needed to make definitive, scientific conclusions about UAP.
At NASA, we use data and the tools of science to explore the unknown in the
atmosphere and space. In June 2022, NASA established an external independent
study team to find a way we can use our open-source data and resources to
help shed light on the nature of future UAP. Much like a team of peer reviewers,
NASA commissions independent study teams as a formal part of NASA’s
scientific process, and such teams provide the agency external counsel and
an increased network of perspectives from esteemed scientific experts.
NASA’s UAP Independent Study Team is made up of 16 experts from diverse
backgrounds in science, technology, data, artificial intelligence, space explor-
ation, aerospace safety, media and commercial innovation. They were assigned
to pinpoint the data available around UAP and produce a report that outlines
a roadmap for how NASA can use its tools of science to obtain usable data
to evaluate and categorize the nature of UAP going forward. This is not a review
of previous UAP incidents.
We thank the UAP Independent Study Team members for their service on the
study and for their contributions towards the advancement of our nation’s
understanding of UAP. While we are still evaluating the report and assessing
the team’s findings and recommendations, NASA’s Science Mission Directorate
and the Agency are committed to keeping a clear and open pipeline for
communication and resources with the Department of Defense’s All-
Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) to support its whole-of-government
approach towards understanding and resolving UAP cases. NASA is appointing
a Director of UAP Research to centralize communications and leverage
NASA’s extensive resources and expertise to actively engage in the whole-of-
government UAP initiative. This individual will also ensure that the agency’s vast
analytical capabilities, including its proficiency in data management, machine
learning and artificial intelligence, are contributed to the government’s unified
UAP effort.
At NASA, we are committed to openness, transparency, and scientific integrity
and they are a central part of our operations. By setting up this independent
study team, NASA gained important external perspectives from leading experts
in our nation for how we can use our resources to advance the study of UAP
data and explore the unknown in air and space for the benefit of all.
Dr. Nicola Fox, Associate Administrator, Science Mission Directorate
— 第 9 页 — 前言(FOREWORD)
不明异常现象(UAP)是我们星球最大的谜团之一。在我们天空中观测到的、无法被识别为气球、飞机或已知自然现象的物体,已在世界各地被目击到,然而高质量的观测十分有限。科学的本质是探索未知,而数据是科学家用以发现宇宙奥秘的语言。尽管有众多记述与影像,但缺乏一致的、详细的、经整理的观测,意味着我们目前不具备就 UAP 作出确定的科学结论所需的数据体量。
在 NASA,我们运用数据和科学工具探索大气与太空中的未知。2022年6月,NASA 设立了一个外部独立研究小组,以寻找一种途径,运用我们的开源数据与资源帮助揭示未来 UAP 的性质。如同一支同行评审团队,NASA 将独立研究小组作为其科学流程的正式组成部分加以委托,此类小组为本机构提供外部建议以及来自受尊敬科学专家的更广泛视角网络。
NASA 的 UAP 独立研究小组由16名专家组成,他们来自科学、技术、数据、人工智能、太空探索、航空航天安全、媒体与商业创新等多元背景。他们受命查明围绕 UAP 的可用数据,并撰写一份报告,勾勒出 NASA 如何运用其科学工具获取可用数据、以评估和归类未来 UAP 性质的路线图。这不是一份对以往 UAP 事件的回顾。
我们感谢 UAP 独立研究小组成员在本研究中的付出,以及他们为推进我国对 UAP 理解所作的贡献。虽然我们仍在评估该报告并审视小组的发现与建议,但 NASA 科学任务理事会及本机构承诺与国防部全域异常解决办公室(AARO)保持清晰、开放的沟通与资源通道,以支持其理解和解决 UAP 案例的全政府方式。NASA 正在任命一位 UAP 研究主任,以集中沟通并利用 NASA 广泛的资源与专长,积极参与全政府的 UAP 倡议。此人还将确保本机构庞大的分析能力(包括其在数据管理、机器学习与人工智能方面的专长)被贡献于政府统一的 UAP 努力。
在 NASA,我们致力于开放、透明与科学诚信,它们是我们运作的核心部分。通过设立这一独立研究小组,NASA 从我国领先专家处获得了重要的外部视角,了解我们如何运用资源推进 UAP 数据研究、探索空中与太空中的未知,以造福所有人。
Dr. Nicola Fox,科学任务理事会副署长(Associate Administrator, Science Mission Directorate)
— p. 10 — 8
A meteor streaks across the sky during the annual Perseid meteor shower.
— 第 10 页 — [图:在一年一度的英仙座流星雨(Perseid meteor shower)期间,一颗流星划过天空。]
— p. 11 — 9
INTRODUCTION
Recently, many credible witnesses, often military aviators, have reported seeing
objects they did not recognize over U.S. airspace. Most of these events have
since been explained, but a small handful cannot be immediately identified as
known human-made or natural phenomena. These events are now collectively
referred to as Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena, or UAP1.
A vital part of NASA’s mission is exploring the unknown using the rigorous
process of the scientific method. This means scrutinizing our assumptions
and intuition; transparently and diligently collecting data; reproducing results;
seeking independent evaluation; and finally, reaching a scientific consensus
about the nature of an occurrence. The scientific method challenges us to solve
problems by impartially evaluating our own ideas, by being willing to be wrong,
and by following the data.
It is increasingly clear that the majority of UAP observations can be attributed to
known phenomena or occurences. When it comes to studying such phenomena,
our overarching challenge is that the data needed to explain these anomalous
sightings often do not exist; this includes eyewitness reports, which on their
own can be interesting and compelling, but are not reproducible and usually
lack the information needed to make any definitive conclusions about a UAP’s
provenance. Thus, to understand UAP, a rigorous, evidence-based, data-driven
scientific framework is essential.
This report offers a vision of how NASA could contribute to understanding
the phenomena and how the agency’s approach will complement the whole-of-
government effort to understand UAP.
1 At the time that this study was initiated, Congress
defined UAP as Unidentified Aerial Phenomena.
After this study began, the term UAP was redefined
as Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena.
— 第 11 页 — 引言(INTRODUCTION)
近来,许多可信的目击者(往往是军方飞行员)报告称在美国空域上空看到了他们无法辨认的物体。这些事件中的大多数此后已得到解释,但有一小部分无法被立即识别为已知的人造或自然现象。这些事件现被统称为不明异常现象,即 UAP¹。
NASA 使命的一个关键部分是运用科学方法的严谨流程探索未知。这意味着审视我们的假设与直觉;透明而勤勉地收集数据;复现结果;寻求独立评估;并最终就某一发生情形的性质达成科学共识。科学方法要求我们通过公正地评估自己的想法、愿意承认错误,以及遵循数据来解决问题。
越来越清楚的是,大多数 UAP 观测可归因于已知现象或发生情形。在研究此类现象时,我们首要的挑战在于:解释这些异常目击所需的数据往往并不存在;这包括目击者报告,它们本身可能有趣且引人注目,但不可复现,且通常缺乏就某一 UAP 来源作出任何确定结论所需的信息。因此,要理解 UAP,一个严谨的、基于证据的、数据驱动的科学框架至关重要。
本报告提供了一个愿景:NASA 可如何为理解这些现象作出贡献,以及本机构的方式将如何补充理解 UAP 的全政府努力。
¹ 在本研究启动时,国会将 UAP 定义为不明空中现象(Unidentified Aerial Phenomena)。本研究开始后,UAP 一词被重新定义为不明异常现象(Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena)。
— p. 12 — 10
A weather balloon sails into the sky after release from the Cape Canaveral weather station in Florida.
— 第 12 页 — [图:在佛罗里达州卡纳维拉尔角气象站释放后,一只气象气球升上天空。]
— p. 13 — 11
NASA has a variety of existing and planned Earth- and space-observing assets,
together with an extensive archive of historic and current data sets, which
should be used to address the challenges of detecting and/or understanding
UAP. NASA’s fleet of Earth-observing satellites collect the most data within the
Earth system, yet they typically lack the spatial resolution to detect relatively
small objects such as UAP. However, they still should play a powerful supporting
role to determine the environmental conditions that coincide with UAP. For
example, the advanced sensors on the Terra and Aqua missions should be
directly utilized to retroactively probe the state of the local earth, ocean, and
atmospheric conditions that are spatially and temporally coincident with UAP
initially detected via other methods. Thus, NASA can help determine whether
specific environmental factors are associated with reported UAP properties
or occurrences.
There are other promising civilian capabilities that can be employed to scrutinize
UAP. Assets such as the NEXRAD Doppler radar network (160 weather radars
jointly operated by the FAA, U.S. Air Force, and National Weather Service) or
the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites will be essential for
distinguishing interesting objects from airborne clutter. Furthermore, forthcoming
large-sky surveys enabled by ground-based telescopes such as the Vera C.
Rubin Observatory will offer powerful complements in the search for anomalous
objects beyond the Earth’s atmosphere.
NASA also has substantial experience in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR),
which can provide much higher angular resolution images of Earth, as well as
confirm surface motion and change. The panel sees particular promise in future
SAR-based Earth-observing satellites such as NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic
Aperture Radar) mission, a partnership with the Indian Space Research Orga-
nization. The excellent resolution of NISAR will provide valuable radar data that
will potentially be critical for examining UAP directly, in addition to their envi-
ronmental context. SAR systems will also provide critical validation of any truly
anomalous properties, such as rapid acceleration or high-G maneuvers through
the Doppler signatures they produce.
Irrespective of the source of the observation, it is essential to note the pivotal
role that structured data curation plays in a rigorous and evidence-based
framework to better understand UAP. To date, UAP data often consist of
observations initially acquired for other purposes, which often lack adequate
RESPONSES TO STATEMENT
OF TASK
What types of scientific data currently collected and archived by NASA or
other civilian government entities should be synthesized and analyzed to
potentially shed light on the nature and origins of Unidentified Anomalous
Phenomena (UAP)?
1
FINDING
NASA'S fleet of earth-observing satellites
should play a powerful supporting role
to determine the environmental conditions
that coincide with UAP.
FINDING
It is essential to note the pivotal role that
structured data curation plays in a rigorous
and evidence-based framework to better
understand UAP.
— 第 13 页 — 对任务陈述的回应(RESPONSES TO STATEMENT OF TASK)
【1】NASA 或其他民用政府实体当前收集并存档的哪些类型的科学数据,应被综合与分析,以潜在地揭示不明异常现象(UAP)的性质与起源?
NASA 拥有多种现有及计划中的对地与对空观测资产,连同一份内容广泛的历史与当前数据集档案,应被用于应对探测和/或理解 UAP 的挑战。NASA 的对地观测卫星群在地球系统内收集最多的数据,但它们通常缺乏探测像 UAP 这样相对较小物体所需的空间分辨率。然而,它们仍应在确定与 UAP 重合的环境状况方面发挥有力的支持作用。例如,Terra 与 Aqua 任务上的先进传感器应被直接用于回溯性地探测与(最初通过其他方法探测到的)UAP 在空间和时间上重合的当地地表、海洋及大气状况。因此,NASA 可帮助确定特定环境因素是否与已报告的 UAP 属性或发生情形相关联。
[发现:NASA 的对地观测卫星群应发挥有力的支持作用,以确定与 UAP 重合的环境状况。]
还有其他有前景的民用能力可用于审视 UAP。诸如 NEXRAD 多普勒雷达网络(由 FAA、美国空军与国家气象局共同运营的160部气象雷达)或地球静止轨道运行环境卫星(Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites)等资产,对于将有趣物体与空中杂波区分开来将至关重要。此外,由 Vera C. Rubin 天文台等地基望远镜实现的即将到来的大天区巡天,将在搜索地球大气层之外的异常物体方面提供有力补充。
NASA 在合成孔径雷达(SAR)方面也有丰富经验,它可提供分辨率高得多的地球角度图像,并确认地表运动与变化。小组在未来基于 SAR 的对地观测卫星(如 NISAR,即 NASA-ISRO 合成孔径雷达任务,与印度空间研究组织的合作)中看到特别的前景。NISAR 的卓越分辨率将提供有价值的雷达数据,除其环境背景外,这些数据可能对直接检视 UAP 至关重要。SAR 系统还将通过其产生的多普勒特征,为任何真正异常的属性(例如快速加速或高 G 机动)提供关键验证。
无论观测来源如何,必须指出结构化数据整理在严谨而基于证据的、以更好理解 UAP 的框架中所起的关键作用。迄今为止,UAP 数据往往由最初为其他目的获取的观测构成,这些观测往往缺乏足够的(接下页)
[发现:必须指出结构化数据整理在严谨而基于证据的、以更好理解 UAP 的框架中所起的关键作用。]
— p. 14 — 12
metadata and are not optimized for systematic scientific analysis. Here, NASA
– with its world-leading expertise in curation, archiving, and distribution of large
volumes of data – can play a key role. NASA’s adherence to FAIR (Findability,
Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability) data principles when generating
curated data repositories enables both scientists and citizen scientists to
conduct data-mining and meaningful analysis. In addition, due to the absence
of a comprehensive system for gathering civilian UAP reports, there are incon-
sistencies in how data is collected, processed, and curated. The application
of NASA’s rigor to UAP data protocols will ultimately be essential for a detailed
understanding of these phenomena.
The U.S. commercial remote-sensing industry offers a potent mix of Earth-
observing sensors that have the collective potential to directly resolve UAP
events. For instance, commercial satellite constellations provide imagery at
sub- to several-meter spatial resolution, which is well-matched to the typical
spatial scales of known UAP. In addition, the high temporal cadence offered by
commercial remote-sensing networks can substantially increase the likelihood
of providing retroactive coverage of UAP events that are initially observed via
other means. The limitation on this data is that at any given time most of the
Earth’s surface is not covered by commercial satellites at high resolution — for
a particular UAP event, we will need to be fortunate to obtain high-resolution
observations from space.
Beyond this, the panel applauds the efforts undertaken in the private sector and
U.S. academic community to employ one or more inexpensive ground-based
sensors that are capable of surveying large areas of the sky. Such sensors,
which could potentially be rapidly deployed to areas of known UAP activity may
play a key role in establishing so-called “pattern-of-activity” trends, as well as
potentially the physical characteristics of UAP themselves.
South Asian Object (Image 1)
Footage taken by an MQ-9 of an unidentified object in South Asia with an apparent
atmospheric wake or cavitation, later assessed as a likely commercial aircraft by the
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office. The cavitation is likely a sensor artifact resulting
from video compression.
The appearance of U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) visual information does not imply or constitute DoD endorsement.
What types of scientific data currently collected and held by non-profits and
companies should be synthesized and analyzed to potentially shed light on
the nature and origins of UAP?
2
FINDING
The U.S. commercial remote-sensing
industry offers a potent mix of Earth-
observing sensors that have the collective
potential to directly resolve UAP events.
— 第 14 页 — 元数据,且并未针对系统的科学分析进行优化。在这里,NASA——凭借其在大量数据的整理、归档与分发方面世界领先的专长——可发挥关键作用。NASA 在生成经整理的数据存储库时遵循 FAIR(可发现性、可访问性、可互操作性与可重用性)数据原则,使科学家与公民科学家均能进行数据挖掘和有意义的分析。此外,由于缺乏一套全面的民用 UAP 报告收集系统,在数据如何被收集、处理与整理方面存在不一致。将 NASA 的严谨性应用于 UAP 数据规程,最终将对详细理解这些现象至关重要。
【2】非营利组织和企业当前收集并持有的哪些类型的科学数据,应被综合与分析,以潜在地揭示 UAP 的性质与起源?
美国商业遥感产业提供了一组强大的对地观测传感器组合,它们共同具备直接解析 UAP 事件的潜力。例如,商业卫星星座提供亚米至数米空间分辨率的图像,与已知 UAP 的典型空间尺度十分匹配。此外,商业遥感网络所提供的高时间频次可大幅提高对最初通过其他方式观测到的 UAP 事件进行回溯性覆盖的可能性。这类数据的局限在于,在任何给定时刻,地球表面的大部分都未被商业卫星以高分辨率覆盖——对于某一特定 UAP 事件,我们将需要足够幸运才能从太空获得高分辨率观测。
除此之外,小组赞赏私营部门与美国学术界为采用一个或多个能够勘测大片天空的廉价地基传感器所作的努力。此类传感器(可能被快速部署到已知 UAP 活动区域)可能在确立所谓的“活动模式”趋势以及 UAP 本身的物理特征方面发挥关键作用。
[南亚物体(图1):由一架 MQ-9 拍摄的南亚某不明物体的影像,带有明显的大气尾迹或空泡,后被全域异常解决办公室评估为很可能是商业飞机。该空泡很可能是视频压缩造成的传感器伪影。美国国防部(DoD)视觉信息的出现并不意味着或构成 DoD 的背书。]
[发现:美国商业遥感产业提供了一组强大的对地观测传感器组合,它们共同具备直接解析 UAP 事件的潜力。]
— p. 15 — 13
To improve our understanding of UAP, NASA should contribute to a compre-
hensive approach to collecting data within the broader whole-of-government
framework to understand UAP. The importance of detecting UAP with multiple,
well-calibrated sensors is paramount, and NASA should leverage its consider-
able expertise in this domain to potentially utilize multispectral or hyperspectral
data as part of a rigorous campaign to acquire additional data on future UAP.
In addition, forthcoming large-sky surveys enabled by Federal ground-based
assets including the Vera C. Rubin Observatory will collect vast quantities of
data, which can be directly used to search for anomalous objects beyond the
Earth’s atmosphere.
Data signatures are vast, and theories that predict novel signatures help guide
our searches. It is imperative to set clear evidence thresholds to avoid errors,
especially with automated methods. Furthermore, purpose-built future sensors
for UAP detection should be designed to adjust on millisecond timescales to aid
better detection. In lockstep, alert systems should detect and share transient
information quickly and uniformly.
The panel notes that, at present, gathering data on UAP is hampered by sensor
calibration challenges and a lack of sensor metadata. In short, calibration
ensures that future data gathered are reliable and accurate, while gathering
metadata – such as the time, location, and sensor observing modes – ensures
that the contextual and environmental factors of a recorded UAP event are well
Once more, however, robust data calibration is vital, and here NASA again can
play an important advisory role. The calibration process ensures that inform-
ation gathered from sensors and instruments is precise, dependable and devoid
of any systematic errors or biases. In the case of UAP studies, where data
often originates from instruments not specifically designed for detecting such
objects, proper calibration becomes even more crucial. In turn, metadata, which
provides contextual information such as sensor type, manufacturer details,
noise characteristics and time of acquisition, must simultaneously be present
for an accurate characterization of both a potential UAP as well as the sensor
itself. Indeed, several apparent UAP have been demonstrated to be sensor
artifacts once appropriate calibration and metadata scrutiny were applied.
Although a substantial investment, the standardization of collected information
via well-crafted calibration will make it possible to carry out a rigorous scientific
investigation into UAP. NASA’s experience in this area will be essential.
What other types of scientific data should be collected by NASA to enhance
the potential for developing an understanding of the nature and origins
of UAP?
3
FINDING
The standardization of collected
information via well-crafted calibration
will make it possible to carry out a rigorous
scientific investigation into UAP. NASA's
experience in this area will be vital.
FINDING
NASA should leverage its considerable
expertise in this domain to potentially utilize
multispectral or hyperspectral data as part
of a rigorous campaign.
— 第 15 页 — 【3】NASA 应收集哪些其他类型的科学数据,以增强发展对 UAP 性质与起源之理解的潜力?
为改善我们对 UAP 的理解,NASA 应在更广泛的全政府框架内为一种理解 UAP 的全面数据收集方法作出贡献。用多个、校准良好的传感器探测 UAP 的重要性至关重要,NASA 应利用其在该领域的相当专长,潜在地将多光谱或高光谱数据作为一项严谨活动的一部分,以获取关于未来 UAP 的额外数据。此外,由 Vera C. Rubin 天文台等联邦地基资产实现的即将到来的大天区巡天将收集海量数据,可直接用于搜索地球大气层之外的异常物体。
数据特征浩繁,而预测新颖特征的理论有助于指导我们的搜索。设定清晰的证据阈值以避免错误是当务之急,尤其是在使用自动化方法时。此外,为 UAP 探测专门构建的未来传感器应被设计为能在毫秒时间尺度上进行调整,以助于更好的探测。与此同步,警报系统应快速而统一地探测并共享瞬态信息。
小组指出,目前收集 UAP 数据受到传感器校准挑战与传感器元数据缺乏的阻碍。简而言之,校准确保未来收集的数据可靠而准确,而收集元数据(例如时间、地点与传感器观测模式)确保所记录 UAP 事件的背景与环境因素得到充分了解。
然而再次强调,稳健的数据校准至关重要,在这里 NASA 又能发挥重要的咨询作用。校准过程确保从传感器和仪器收集的信息精确、可靠,且不含任何系统性误差或偏差。在 UAP 研究中,由于数据往往来自并非专为探测此类物体而设计的仪器,恰当的校准变得更为关键。反过来,提供背景信息(如传感器类型、制造商详情、噪声特征与获取时间)的元数据必须同时存在,以便对潜在 UAP 及传感器本身进行准确表征。事实上,已有若干表面上的 UAP 在经过恰当的校准与元数据审查后被证明是传感器伪影。尽管这是一笔可观的投入,但通过精心设计的校准对所收集信息进行标准化,将使对 UAP 进行严谨的科学调查成为可能。NASA 在这一领域的经验将至关重要。
[发现:通过精心设计的校准对所收集信息进行标准化,将使对 UAP 进行严谨的科学调查成为可能。NASA 在这一领域的经验将至关重要。]
[发现:NASA 应利用其在该领域的相当专长,潜在地将多光谱或高光谱数据作为一项严谨活动的一部分。]
— p. 16 — FINDING
NASA’s expertise should be
comprehensively leveraged
as part of a robust and systematic
data strategy within the whole-of-
government framework.
14
known. Both, in turn, allow for systematic analyses of UAP events, and critically
will enable the elimination of false positives due to sensor artifacts. Making a
concerted effort to improve both aspects will be vital when gathering future data,
and here NASA’s expertise should be comprehensively leveraged as part of a
robust and systematic data strategy within the whole-of-government framework.
The panel also sees several advantages to augmenting potential data collec-
tion efforts using modern crowdsourcing techniques, including open-source
smartphone-based apps that simultaneously gather imaging data and other
smartphone sensor data from multiple citizen observers. NASA should therefore
explore the viability of developing or acquiring such a crowdsourcing system
as part of a future data strategy.
As stated above, NASA’s fleet of Earth-observing satellites must also play a
key role in collecting future data on environmental conditions coinciding with
UAP sightings. Despite the mismatch in spatial resolution between the present
generation of satellites and typical UAP events, by gathering and analyzing
future satellite data, we will undoubtedly gain insights into the typical environ-
mental factors associated with UAP. Future missions, such as the NOAA/NASA
Geostationary Extended Observations (GeoXO) satellite system, will provide
even more robust data that will prove important in UAP analysis. NASA should
also leverage sensors that expand its observational reach, such as penetrating
deeper into the ocean or at the air/sea interfaces.
Next, collection efforts from radio and optical astronomy that are designed for
technosignature searches should be expanded from the Earth's atmosphere to
the whole solar system. Additionally, near-Earth objects (NEO) programs also
have significant data collections about phenomena close to Earth’s atmosphere,
which constitutes an untapped repository of data both for characterizing natural
phenomena and anomalies. NASA should consider integrating these elements
as part of a robust future-data strategy.
Finally, NASA’s very involvement in gathering future data will play an important
role in reducing stigma associated with UAP reporting, which very likely leads
to data attrition at present. NASA’s long-standing public trust, which is essential
for communicating findings about these phenomena to citizens, is crucial for
destigmatizing UAP reporting and scientific research. The scientific processes
used by NASA encourage critical thinking; NASA can model for the public how
to approach a topic, such as UAP, by applying transparent reporting and
rigorous analyses when acquiring future data.
— 第 16 页 — [发现:NASA 的专长应作为全政府框架内一套稳健而系统的数据战略的一部分得到全面利用。]
已知。两者反过来又允许对 UAP 事件进行系统分析,并将关键地使得能够消除因传感器伪影造成的误报。齐心协力改善这两个方面在收集未来数据时将至关重要,在这里 NASA 的专长应作为全政府框架内一套稳健而系统的数据战略的一部分得到全面利用。
小组还认为,运用现代众包技术(包括同时从多名公民观察者处采集成像数据及其他智能手机传感器数据的开源智能手机应用)来增强潜在的数据收集工作有若干优势。因此,NASA 应探索开发或获取此类众包系统作为未来数据战略一部分的可行性。
如上所述,NASA 的对地观测卫星群也必须在收集与 UAP 目击重合的环境状况的未来数据方面发挥关键作用。尽管当前一代卫星与典型 UAP 事件之间存在空间分辨率上的不匹配,但通过收集和分析未来的卫星数据,我们无疑将获得关于与 UAP 相关联的典型环境因素的洞见。未来的任务(例如 NOAA/NASA 地球静止轨道扩展观测(GeoXO)卫星系统)将提供更为稳健的数据,这将在 UAP 分析中证明其重要性。NASA 还应利用扩展其观测范围的传感器,例如深入海洋更深处或在海气界面处进行探测。
其次,为技术特征搜索而设计的射电与光学天文学的收集工作,应从地球大气层扩展到整个太阳系。此外,近地天体(NEO)项目也拥有关于地球大气层附近现象的大量数据收集,这构成了一个尚未开发的数据存储库,既可用于表征自然现象,也可用于表征异常。NASA 应考虑将这些要素整合为一套稳健的未来数据战略的一部分。
最后,NASA 对收集未来数据本身的参与,将在减少与 UAP 报告相关的污名方面发挥重要作用——该污名很可能目前导致了数据流失。NASA 长期以来的公众信任对于向公民传达关于这些现象的发现至关重要,也对消除 UAP 报告与科学研究的污名至关重要。NASA 所采用的科学流程鼓励批判性思维;NASA 可通过在获取未来数据时运用透明报告与严谨分析,为公众示范如何处理像 UAP 这样的主题。
— p. 17 — 15
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have proven to be essential
tools for identifying rare occurrences within vast datasets. These method-
ologies, combined with NASA’s extensive experience and expertise, should
be utilized to investigate the nature and origins of UAP by examining data from
sources such as satellites and radar systems. However, the effectiveness of
AI and ML in studying UAP depends critically upon the quality of the data used
to train the AI and in subsequent analysis. At present, UAP analysis is more
limited by the quality of data than by the availability of techniques. As a
consequence, it is a higher priority to obtain better quality data than it is to
develop new analysis techniques.
Once AARO and other agencies, including NASA, accumulate an extensive
and well-curated catalog of baseline data, these can be used to train neural
networks so that they can characterize deviations from normal. The panel finds
that standard techniques that are routinely applied in astronomy, particle
physics, and other areas of science can be adapted for these analyses.
When it comes to detecting anomalies – such as UAP – within datasets, there
are two approaches. The first approach involves constructing a model that
represents the expected signal characteristics then searching for any matches
against this model. The second approach involves using a model of the back-
ground properties and searching for anything that deviates from that model.
The panel notes that the first approach is difficult as we do not possess a
consistent description of the physical characteristics of UAP. The second
Which scientific analysis techniques currently in production could be
employed to assess the nature and origins of UAP? Which types of
analysis techniques should be developed?
4
Middle East Object
Footage taken by an MQ-9 of an
apparent silver, orb-like object in
the Middle East. Due to limited data,
the object remains unidentified.
The appearance of U.S. Department of Defense
(DoD) visual information does not imply or constitute
DoD endorsement.
FINDING
AI and ML, combined with NASA's
extensive expertise, should be utilized
to investigate the nature and origins
of UAP.
— 第 17 页 — 【4】当前在用的哪些科学分析技术可被用于评估 UAP 的性质与起源?应开发哪些类型的分析技术?
人工智能(AI)与机器学习(ML)已被证明是在海量数据集中识别罕见现象的必备工具。这些方法论结合 NASA 的广泛经验与专长,应被用于通过检视来自卫星和雷达系统等来源的数据来调查 UAP 的性质与起源。然而,AI 与 ML 在研究 UAP 方面的有效性,关键取决于用于训练 AI 以及后续分析的数据质量。目前,UAP 分析更多受限于数据质量,而非技术的可得性。因此,获取更高质量的数据比开发新的分析技术具有更高的优先级。
一旦 AARO 及包括 NASA 在内的其他机构积累了一份广泛且整理良好的基线数据目录,这些数据便可用于训练神经网络,使其能够表征偏离正常的情况。小组发现,天文学、粒子物理学及其他科学领域常规应用的标准技术可被改用于这些分析。
在数据集中探测异常(例如 UAP)时,有两种方法。第一种方法涉及构建一个代表预期信号特征的模型,然后搜索任何与该模型匹配的情况。第二种方法涉及使用一个背景属性的模型,并搜索任何偏离该模型的情况。小组指出,第一种方法较为困难,因为我们并不掌握 UAP 物理特征的一致描述。第二种
[中东物体:由一架 MQ-9 拍摄的中东某明显为银色、球状物体的影像。由于数据有限,该物体仍未被识别。美国国防部(DoD)视觉信息的出现并不意味着或构成 DoD 的背书。]
[发现:AI 与 ML 结合 NASA 的广泛专长,应被用于调查 UAP 的性质与起源。]
— p. 18 — 16
approach, on the other hand, requires an understanding of what is considered
normal and known in a given search area, which can then be distinguished from
what is unusual and unknown. AARO has already begun this task by studying
what “normal” phenomena such as solar glint or balloons look like to military
sensors. The program of systematically calibrating observations of “normal” is
an essential step before starting to search for the abnormal.
A third potential avenue for scientific analysis is to cross-correlate NASA’s
extensive databases with the locations and times of reported UAP events.
Once an extensive list of UAP reports is made available, the panel regards this
as a promising method for future analysis. Again, NASA's expertise in AI and
ML will allow it to make a prominent contribution.
For any scientific analysis purposes, including UAP analysis, it is essential that
the data used for AI and ML are collected according to rigorous standards. The
data must be collected using calibrated instruments tailored to their respective
use cases accompanied by metadata to facilitate calibration and contextual
comprehension. Proper curation and integration of data are also critical for
enabling scientific analysis. To establish a baseline understanding, an exam-
ination of known events with precisely calibrated instruments is also neces-
sary. NASA, with its expertise in data calibration, management, and advanced
analysis is well-positioned to take a central role in these efforts within the
whole-of-government framework to assess UAP.
Observations of UAP to date are inconsistent and do not adhere to similar
characteristics. As a consequence, it is difficult to put physical constraints on
them at present, which provides a strong motivation for the rigorous, evidence-
based framework articulated in this report. The strongest physical constraints
are not on the anomalous events but on the conventional events: we know the
range of velocities and accelerations that can be achieved by state-of-the art
platforms, drones, balloons and planes. Deviations from this behavior, such as
any well-characterized observation of velocities and accelerations outside of
that range, are scientifically interesting for UAP assessment and analysis. The
panel emphasizes that clearly determining distances is key to understanding
and corroborating any claimed anomalous high-velocity and high-acceleration
events, a fact borne out by AARO’s findings that the vast majority of UAP have
prosaic explanations.
In considering the factors above, what basic physical constraints
can be placed on the nature and origins of UAP?
5
FINDING
NASA, with its expertise in data calibration,
management, and advanced analysis is
well-positioned to take a central role in
these efforts.
— 第 18 页 — 方法则要求理解在给定搜索区域中什么被视为正常和已知,进而可将其与不寻常和未知的情况区分开来。AARO 已通过研究诸如太阳反光或气球之类的“正常”现象在军用传感器看来是什么样子,开始了这项任务。系统地校准对“正常”的观测这一工作,是开始搜索异常之前的必要步骤。
科学分析的第三条潜在途径,是将 NASA 广泛的数据库与已报告 UAP 事件的地点和时间进行交叉关联。一旦一份广泛的 UAP 报告清单可供使用,小组认为这是一种有前景的未来分析方法。再一次,NASA 在 AI 与 ML 方面的专长将使其能够作出突出贡献。
对于任何科学分析目的(包括 UAP 分析),用于 AI 与 ML 的数据必须依照严谨标准收集,这一点至关重要。数据必须使用为各自用例量身定制的、经校准的仪器收集,并附有元数据以便于校准与背景理解。数据的恰当整理与整合对于实现科学分析也至关重要。为建立一种基线理解,用精确校准的仪器对已知事件进行检视也是必要的。NASA 凭借其在数据校准、管理与高级分析方面的专长,处于在全政府框架内为评估 UAP 的这些努力中担任核心角色的有利位置。
【5】考虑到上述因素,可对 UAP 的性质与起源施加哪些基本物理约束?
迄今为止对 UAP 的观测并不一致,也不遵循相似的特征。因此,目前难以对它们施加物理约束,这为本报告所阐明的严谨、基于证据的框架提供了强有力的动机。最强的物理约束并不在异常事件上,而在常规事件上:我们知道最先进的平台、无人机、气球和飞机所能达到的速度与加速度范围。偏离这一行为的情况(例如任何对该范围之外的速度与加速度的特征明确的观测),对 UAP 评估与分析具有科学意义。小组强调,清晰地确定距离是理解和佐证任何所声称的异常高速度与高加速度事件的关键,这一事实被 AARO 关于绝大多数 UAP 都有平凡解释的发现所印证。
[发现:NASA 凭借其在数据校准、管理与高级分析方面的专长,处于在这些努力中担任核心角色的有利位置。]
— p. 19 — 17
Government agencies, including the FAA, gather civilian airspace data that can
be analyzed to probe for UAP. These data include information obtained from
air traffic control towers and radar systems. However it is essential to note that
such data are not always optimized or suitable for rigorous scientific analysis
of UAP. The observations almost always happen incidentally using instruments
not specifically designed for detecting objects; furthermore, crucial contextual
information in the form of metadata is often missing. Although civilian airspace
data has been used by AARO to assist with the analysis of isolated UAP cases,
the broad corpus of such data is unlikely to yield a global understanding of the
size, movement, or nature of UAP.
Furthermore, at present, there is no standardized Federal system for making
civilian UAP reports. While AARO is establishing a systematic mechanism for
military and intelligence community UAP reports, current FAA guidelines instruct
citizens wanting to report UAP to contact local law enforcement or one or more
non-governmental organizations. As a result, the collection of data is sparse,
unsystematic, and lacks any curation or vetting protocols.
Here, once more, NASA can provide important assistance to the whole-of-
government effort to understand UAP. With its world-leading expertise in data
curation and organization, NASA is well-positioned to advise on the best
methodologies for establishing repositories of civilian airspace data.
What civilian airspace data related to UAPs have been collected by govern-
ment agencies and are available for analysis to a) inform efforts to better
understand the nature and origins of UAPs, and b) determine the risk of UAPs
to the National Air Space (NAS)?
6
If the whole-of-government framework to understanding UAP – with NASA
playing a crucial role – were to implement the preponderance of steps
prescribed above, then the panel regards placing physical constraints on UAP,
together with the suite of plausible natures and origins, as being within reach.
If all unidentified events move at conventional speeds and accelerations, this
likely points towards a conventional explanation for these events. Convincing
evidence of verified anomalous accelerations and velocity would point towards
potentially novel explanations for UAP.
FINDING
The panel regards placing physical
constraints on UAP, together with the
suite of plausible natures and origins,
as being within reach.
FINDING
With its world-leading expertise
in data curation and organization,
NASA is well-positioned to advise
on the best methodologies for
establishing repositories of civilian
airspace data.
— 第 19 页 — 【6】政府机构已收集并可供分析的哪些与 UAP 相关的民用空域数据,可用于 a) 为更好理解 UAP 的性质与起源的努力提供信息,以及 b) 确定 UAP 对国家空域(NAS)的风险?
包括 FAA 在内的政府机构收集可被分析以探查 UAP 的民用空域数据。这些数据包括从空中交通管制塔台和雷达系统获得的信息。然而必须指出,此类数据并不总是为 UAP 的严谨科学分析而优化或适用。这些观测几乎总是使用并非专为探测物体而设计的仪器偶然发生的;此外,以元数据形式存在的关键背景信息往往缺失。尽管民用空域数据已被 AARO 用于协助分析孤立的 UAP 案例,但此类数据的广泛语料不太可能产出对 UAP 的大小、运动或性质的全局理解。
此外,目前尚无用于民用 UAP 报告的标准化联邦系统。虽然 AARO 正在为军方与情报界的 UAP 报告建立系统化机制,但当前 FAA 指南指示想要报告 UAP 的公民联系当地执法部门或一个或多个非政府组织。结果,数据的收集稀疏、不系统,且缺乏任何整理或核验规程。
在这里,NASA 又能为理解 UAP 的全政府努力提供重要协助。凭借其在数据整理与组织方面世界领先的专长,NASA 处于就建立民用空域数据存储库的最佳方法论提供建议的有利位置。
如果理解 UAP 的全政府框架——其中 NASA 发挥关键作用——能够实施上述所规定步骤的大部分,那么小组认为,对 UAP 施加物理约束、连同一系列合理的性质与起源,是触手可及的。如果所有未识别事件都以常规速度与加速度运动,这很可能指向对这些事件的常规解释。已核实的异常加速度与速度的令人信服的证据,则将指向对 UAP 潜在的新颖解释。
[发现:小组认为,对 UAP 施加物理约束、连同一系列合理的性质与起源,是触手可及的。]
[发现:凭借其在数据整理与组织方面世界领先的专长,NASA 处于就建立民用空域数据存储库的最佳方法论提供建议的有利位置。]
— p. 20 — 18
It is clear to the panel that establishing a more robust and systematic frame-
work and data repository for UAP reporting is essential. This particularly
applies to civilian reporting of UAP: current FAA guidelines suggest that
citizens wanting to report UAP contact their local law enforcement or one or
more non-governmental organizations, which is inadequate for drawing scientific
inferences. Although such eyewitness reports are often interesting and compel-
ling, they are insufficient on their own for making definitive conclusions about
UAP. Thus, their effective corroboration within a robust reporting and follow-up
framework based on systematically gathered data (including the ATM system)
can provide a useful tool for understanding UAP.
A particularly promising avenue for deeper integration within a systematic,
evidenced-based framework for is the NASA’s Aviation Safety Reporting System
(ASRS), which NASA administers for the FAA. This system is a confidential,
voluntary, non-punitive reporting system that receives safety reports from pilots,
air traffic controllers, dispatchers, cabin crew, ground operators, maintenance
technicians, and UAS operators that provides a unique data source for emerg-
ing UAS safety issues. ASRS receives reports describing close-calls, hazards,
violations, and safety-related incidents. With 47 years of confidential safety
reporting, ASRS has received more than 1,940,000 reports, averaging approx-
imately 100,000 per year. Reports are received from all aspects of aviation
operations. Although the system resides at NASA Ames and involves NASA
employees, the ASRS program is solely funded by FAA and it is not part of
NASA’s Aeronautics activity. Although not initially designed for UAP collection,
leveraging this system for commercial pilot UAP reporting would provide a
critical database that would be valuable for the whole-of-government effort
to understand UAP, and here NASA should provide technical assistance.
South Asian Object (Image 2)
Footage taken by an MQ-9 of an unidentified object in South Asia with an apparent
atmospheric wake or cavitation, later assessed as a likely commercial aircraft by
the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office. The cavitation is likely a sensor artifact
resulting from video compression.
The appearance of U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) visual information does not imply or constitute DoD endorsement.
What current reporting protocols and air traffic management (ATM) data
acquisition systems can be modified to acquire additional data on past
and future UAPs?
7
FINDING
Leveraging the Aviation Safety
Reporting System for commercial
pilot UAP reporting would provide
a critical database.
— 第 20 页 — 【7】哪些当前的报告规程与空中交通管理(ATM)数据获取系统可被修改,以获取关于过去和未来 UAP 的额外数据?
小组清楚地认识到,为 UAP 报告建立一个更稳健、更系统的框架与数据存储库至关重要。这尤其适用于 UAP 的民用报告:当前 FAA 指南建议想要报告 UAP 的公民联系其当地执法部门或一个或多个非政府组织,这对于得出科学推断而言是不充分的。尽管此类目击者报告往往有趣且引人注目,但仅凭其自身不足以就 UAP 作出确定结论。因此,在一个基于系统收集数据(包括 ATM 系统)的稳健报告与跟进框架内对它们进行有效佐证,可为理解 UAP 提供有用工具。
一条在系统化、基于证据的 UAP 框架内进行更深整合的特别有前景的途径,是 NASA 的航空安全报告系统(ASRS),NASA 代表 FAA 管理该系统。该系统是一个保密、自愿、非惩罚性的报告系统,接收来自飞行员、空中交通管制员、调度员、客舱机组、地面操作员、维修技师及 UAS 操作员的安全报告,为新兴的 UAS 安全问题提供了独特的数据来源。ASRS 接收描述险情、危害、违规及安全相关事件的报告。凭借47年的保密安全报告,ASRS 已收到超过1,940,000份报告,平均每年约100,000份。报告来自航空运营的各个方面。尽管该系统驻于 NASA 艾姆斯(NASA Ames)并涉及 NASA 员工,但 ASRS 项目完全由 FAA 资助,且不属于 NASA 的航空学活动。尽管它最初并非为 UAP 收集而设计,但利用这一系统进行商业飞行员的 UAP 报告,将提供一个对全政府理解 UAP 之努力极具价值的关键数据库,在这里 NASA 应提供技术协助。
[南亚物体(图2):由一架 MQ-9 拍摄的南亚某不明物体的影像,带有明显的大气尾迹或空泡,后被全域异常解决办公室评估为很可能是商业飞机。该空泡很可能是视频压缩造成的传感器伪影。美国国防部(DoD)视觉信息的出现并不意味着或构成 DoD 的背书。]
[发现:利用航空安全报告系统进行商业飞行员的 UAP 报告,将提供一个关键数据库。]
— p. 21 — 19
NASA’s deep experience in researching and developing air traffic management
tools, together with its strong partnership with the FAA, will be pivotal to
designing future ATM systems to acquire UAP data. At present, surveillance
instruments are not designed to detect anomalous objects, and associated
metadata are often absent. NASA should begin by developing new concepts
and ideas for ATM systems, which enable these systems to assist in the effort
to better understand UAP.
NASA should leverage its expertise by reviewing and demonstrating passive
sensing techniques. NASA should also consider platforms that include new types
of data such as imaging data and even multispectral or hyperspectral data. In
turn, NASA could conduct research to see whether machine learning algorithms
could be incorporated into future ATM systems to detect and analyze UAP in
real-time. This research would represent a complex undertaking whose outcome
could allow for substantial and systematic gathering UAP data as well as a robust
characterization of the background. Once again, NASA’s experience and exper-
tise in these areas would allow it to provide critical assistance in identifying and
evaluating new safety systems.
What potential enhancements to future ATM development efforts can
be recommended to acquire data concerning future reported UAPs to
assist in the effort to better understand the nature and origin of the UAPs?
8
FINDING
NASA’s strong partnership with
the FAA will be pivotal to designing
future air traffic management systems
to acquire UAP data.
— 第 21 页 — 【8】可推荐哪些对未来 ATM 开发工作的潜在增强,以获取关于未来已报告 UAP 的数据,从而协助更好理解 UAP 的性质与起源的努力?
NASA 在研究与开发空中交通管理工具方面的深厚经验,连同其与 FAA 的牢固合作关系,对于设计未来获取 UAP 数据的 ATM 系统将至关重要。目前,监视仪器并非为探测异常物体而设计,且相关元数据往往缺失。NASA 应从为 ATM 系统开发新概念与新想法着手,使这些系统能够协助更好理解 UAP 的努力。
NASA 应通过审查与演示被动传感技术来利用其专长。NASA 还应考虑纳入新型数据(如成像数据,乃至多光谱或高光谱数据)的平台。反过来,NASA 可开展研究,看机器学习算法是否可被纳入未来的 ATM 系统,以实时探测和分析 UAP。这项研究将是一项复杂的工作,其成果可能允许大量而系统地收集 UAP 数据,以及对背景进行稳健表征。再一次,NASA 在这些领域的经验与专长将使其能够在识别和评估新的安全系统方面提供关键协助。
[发现:NASA 与 FAA 的牢固合作关系,对于设计未来获取 UAP 数据的空中交通管理系统将至关重要。]
— p. 22 — 20
This NASA Space Shuttle STS-100 image captures naturally occuring von Karman vortices forming in clouds
near Rishiri-to island in Japan, caused by a stable, low-cloud atmosphere flowing over a tall obstacle.
— 第 22 页 — [图:这幅 NASA 航天飞机 STS-100 图像捕捉到在日本利尻岛(Rishiri-to island)附近云层中形成的、自然产生的冯·卡门涡街(von Karman vortices),由稳定的低云大气流过一处高大障碍物所致。]
— p. 23 — 21
We recommend that NASA play a prominent role in the whole-of-government effort to
understand UAP by leveraging its extensive expertise to contribute to a comprehensive,
evidence-based approach that is rooted in the scientific method. We specifically recom-
mend that NASA utilize its existing and planned Earth-observing assets to probe the local
environmental conditions associated with UAP that are initially detected by other means.
In so doing, NASA can directly probe whether certain environmental factors are coinci-
dent with known UAP. We further recommend that NASA explore enhancing collaborations
with the U.S. commercial remote-sensing industry, which offer powerful constellations of
high-resolution Earth-observing satellites.
At present, the detection of UAP is often serendipitous, captured by sensors that were not
designed or calibrated for this purpose, and which lack comprehensive metadata. Coupled
with incomplete data archiving and curation, this means that the origin of numerous UAP
remain uncertain. The importance of detecting UAP with multiple, well-calibrated sensors
is thus paramount, and accordingly we recommend that NASA leverage its considerable
expertise in this domain to potentially utilize multispectral or hyperspectral data as part
of a rigorous data acquisition campaign.
In turn, the panel finds that sophisticated data analysis techniques, including artificial
intelligence and machine learning, must be used in a comprehensive UAP detection
campaign when coupled with systematic data gathering and robust curation. Here, we
recommend that NASA’s expertise in these key areas be contributed to the whole-of-
government UAP effort.
The panel finds that public engagement in the effort to better understand UAP will be vital.
NASA, by lending its name to UAP studies, is already helping to reduce stigma associated
with reporting. Beyond this, we recommend that NASA explore the viability of developing
or acquiring a crowdsourcing system, such as open-source smartphone-based apps, to
gather imaging data and other smartphone sensor data from multiple citizen observers
as part of a wider effort to more systematically gather public UAP reports.
Lastly, we recommend that the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) for commercial
pilot UAP reporting be better leveraged, providing a critical database for the whole-of-
government effort to understand UAP. The agency's long history of partnership with the
FAA should also be capitalized to investigate how advanced, real-time analysis techniques
could be applied to future generations of air traffic management (ATM) systems.
In conclusion, NASA is uniquely positioned to contribute to a robust and systematic
approach to studying UAP, furthering its mission of advancing scientific knowledge,
technical expertise, and exploration. When considering the above recommendations, and
according to budget priorities, NASA should leverage its core capabilities and expertise
to determine whether it should take a leading or supporting role in implementing a given
recommendation. The positioning of NASA’s role should further be situated within the
context of the broader whole-of-government approach to understanding UAP.
OVERALL CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
— 第 23 页 — 总体结论与建议(OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS)
我们建议 NASA 在理解 UAP 的全政府努力中发挥突出作用,利用其广泛专长,为一种植根于科学方法的、全面的、基于证据的方法作出贡献。我们特别建议 NASA 利用其现有及计划中的对地观测资产,探查与(最初由其他手段探测到的)UAP 相关联的当地环境状况。如此,NASA 可直接探查某些环境因素是否与已知 UAP 重合。我们进一步建议 NASA 探索加强与美国商业遥感产业的合作,后者提供强大的高分辨率对地观测卫星星座。
目前,UAP 的探测往往是偶然的,由并非为此目的设计或校准、且缺乏全面元数据的传感器捕获。再加上不完整的数据归档与整理,这意味着众多 UAP 的起源仍不确定。因此,用多个、校准良好的传感器探测 UAP 的重要性至关重要,相应地我们建议 NASA 利用其在该领域的相当专长,潜在地将多光谱或高光谱数据作为严谨数据获取活动的一部分。
反过来,小组发现,先进的数据分析技术(包括人工智能与机器学习)在与系统的数据收集和稳健整理相结合时,必须被用于全面的 UAP 探测活动。在这里,我们建议将 NASA 在这些关键领域的专长贡献于全政府的 UAP 努力。
小组发现,公众参与对更好理解 UAP 的努力将至关重要。NASA 通过将其名号借予 UAP 研究,已在帮助减少与报告相关的污名。除此之外,我们建议 NASA 探索开发或获取一套众包系统(如开源智能手机应用)的可行性,以从多名公民观察者处采集成像数据及其他智能手机传感器数据,作为更系统地收集公众 UAP 报告这一更广泛努力的一部分。
最后,我们建议更好地利用航空安全报告系统(ASRS)进行商业飞行员的 UAP 报告,为理解 UAP 的全政府努力提供一个关键数据库。本机构与 FAA 长期的合作历史也应被善加利用,以研究如何将先进的实时分析技术应用于下一代空中交通管理(ATM)系统。
总之,NASA 处于独特位置,可为研究 UAP 的一种稳健而系统的方法作出贡献,从而推进其增进科学知识、技术专长与探索的使命。在考虑上述建议时,并依据预算优先级,NASA 应利用其核心能力与专长,确定在实施某一特定建议时应担任主导还是支持角色。NASA 角色的定位还应置于理解 UAP 的更广泛全政府方式的背景之中。
— p. 24 — 22
Sunset over the Indian Ocean, photographed by an Expedition 23 crew member on the International Space Station.
— 第 24 页 — [图:由国际空间站第23远征队(Expedition 23)一名成员拍摄的印度洋上空日落。]
— p. 25 — 23
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The compilation of this report has been a significant task, made possible only
through the collective efforts of a dedicated team of professionals. We would
like to take a moment to acknowledge and express our gratitude to those who
have been instrumental in this endeavor.
At the forefront, our profound appreciation goes to NASA for their unwavering
support and commitment. We are deeply grateful to NASA Administrator
Sen. Bill Nelson for his visionary approach, recognizing the importance of
NASA's involvement in this initiative. Dr. Daniel Evans, our Designated Federal
Official, has provided exceptional leadership and guidance throughout this
study. Our gratitude extends to Science Mission Directorate Associate
Administrator Dr. Nicky Fox and her predecessor, Dr. Thomas Zurbuchen,
for their invaluable advice. Additionally, a special mention must be made of
NASA's Earth Science Division for graciously hosting this activity under the
Earth Science Advisory Committee.
Handling media inquiries with finesse and professionalism, Katherine Rohloff,
NASA's UAP Press Secretary, has been an essential pillar in our communication
strategy. Her dedication to ensuring accurate and effective communication
of our findings to the public has been commendable.
Our sincere thanks go to Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick, the Director of AARO. His
expertise and collaboration have been invaluable, enriching our understanding
and providing a solid foundation for our committee's work.
Last, but certainly not least, the staff of NASA Research and Education Support
Services (NRESS) have been the unsung heroes behind the scenes, ensuring
that every logistical detail was meticulously addressed. We would like to
extend our heartfelt gratitude to Renee Atkins and Sharon Smallwood for their
dedication and unwavering support.
To all mentioned and the countless others who have contributed behind the
scenes, we extend our deepest gratitude. Your commitment, expertise, and
passion have been the driving force behind this report, and we are profoundly
thankful for your contributions.
— 第 25 页 — 致谢(ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS)
本报告的编纂是一项艰巨的任务,唯有通过一支敬业的专业团队的共同努力才得以完成。我们想花一点时间致谢并向那些对这项事业起到关键作用的人表达谢意。
首先,我们对 NASA 始终如一的支持与承诺致以深切感谢。我们深深感激 NASA 署长 Sen. Bill Nelson 富有远见的方式,他认识到 NASA 参与这一倡议的重要性。我们的指定联邦官员 Dr. Daniel Evans 在整个研究过程中提供了卓越的领导与指导。我们的感谢延伸至科学任务理事会副署长 Dr. Nicky Fox 及其前任 Dr. Thomas Zurbuchen,感谢他们宝贵的建议。此外,必须特别提及 NASA 地球科学处,感谢其在地球科学咨询委员会下慷慨主办这一活动。
NASA 的 UAP 新闻秘书 Katherine Rohloff 以娴熟与专业处理媒体问询,一直是我们沟通战略中不可或缺的支柱。她致力于确保向公众准确而有效地传达我们的发现,值得称赞。
我们衷心感谢 AARO 主任 Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick。他的专长与协作弥足珍贵,丰富了我们的理解,并为我们委员会的工作提供了坚实基础。
最后但同样重要的是,NASA 研究与教育支持服务(NRESS)的员工是幕后无名的英雄,确保每一个后勤细节都得到一丝不苟的处理。我们想向 Renee Atkins 和 Sharon Smallwood 表达由衷的感谢,感谢她们的奉献与始终如一的支持。
向所有提及的人以及无数在幕后作出贡献的其他人,我们致以最深的感谢。你们的承诺、专长与热情一直是本报告背后的驱动力,我们对你们的贡献深表感激。
— p. 26 — 24
WORK PRODUCTS: DISCUSSION
The panel's responses to the eight charge elements in the Terms of Reference, as well as the panel's overall recom-
mendations and conclusions, all stemmed from a series of sub-panel reports that the entire team deliberated in full
at the public meeting held on May 31, 2023. The reports are included in this section for full public transparency.
UAP in a Scientific Context
On June 9, 2022, NASA announced an independent study of unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP), with a
focus on identifying how the Agency could address the question scientifically. Recently, many credible witnesses,
often military aviators, have reported seeing objects they did not recognize over U.S. airspace. Most of these events
have since been explained, but a small handful cannot be immediately identified as known humanmade or natural
phenomena. These events are now collectively referred to as UAP. But are these objects real or are they sensor arti-
facts? Are they a threat to aerospace safety? Are they a threat to U.S. national security? Are they unknown natural
phenomena? What else could they be?
This report outlines several approaches NASA could take if the Agency chooses to address the question of UAP.
A vital part of NASA’s mission is to explore the unknown. Often, the most exciting aspect of exploration is discov-
ering unexplained phenomena. After discovery, the next step in charting the unknown requires applying rigorous
scientific approaches to understand an observation. This means scrutinizing our assumptions and intuition; trans-
parently and diligently collecting data; reproducing results; seeking independent evaluation; and finally, reaching a
scientific consensus about the nature of an occurrence. It was Thomas Jefferson who, in an 1808 letter, wrote:
“A thousand phenomena present themselves daily which we cannot explain, but where facts are suggested, bearing
no analogy with the laws of nature as yet known to us, their verity needs proofs proportioned to their difficulty.”
Today, we summarize Jefferson’s conclusion as “extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.” This is espe-
cially true when it comes to claims that could profoundly change how we view our place in the cosmos. Over millennia,
we’ve developed ever more powerful instruments to study the universe and each time we’ve looked at the sky—or our
planet—in a different way, we’ve observed surprising and perplexing phenomena that at first defied explanation.
For example, in 1967, astrophysics graduate student Jocelyn Bell-Burnell discovered a pulsing cosmic radio source.
Its pulses were so regular—just like a ticking clock—that it at first seemed artificial in origin. But she eventually
discovered that her confoundingly periodic cosmic object was a rapidly rotating neutron star: a pulsar. Today,
scientists know of thousands of pulsars, and they can harness their clock-like rotation to probe everything from
nuclear physics to gravitational waves produced by colliding supermassive black holes. In the 1960s, satellites also
detected mysterious gamma-ray bursts. These initially looked like evidence for covert Cold War-era nuclear tests.
Now, astronomers know that these tremendously energetic explosions are caused when massive stars cataclys-
mically collapse and die, and when stellar corpses violently collide.
Science has also solved mysteries that originated much closer to home, including the mechanisms behind biolumi-
nescence and glittering atmospheric “sprites”—beautiful orange-red flashes of light that were reported for more than
a hundred years but only scientifically explained recently. The crucial steps in understanding these events were the
systematic collection of data, the rigorous testing of hypotheses, the development of new observational techniques
to study unknowns, and an open and transparent scientific discussion.
The scientific method challenges us to solve problems by stringently evaluating our own ideas, by being willing
to be wrong, and by following the data into unknown territory—wherever it may lead us. As Carl Sagan wrote in
The Demon-Haunted World, “science carries us toward an understanding of how the world is, rather than how
we would wish it to be.”
— 第 26 页 — 工作成果:讨论(WORK PRODUCTS: DISCUSSION)
小组对《任务说明书》中八项任务要素的回应,以及小组的总体建议与结论,均源自一系列分组报告,整个团队在2023年5月31日举行的公开会议上对其进行了充分审议。这些报告收录于本节,以实现完全的公开透明。
科学背景下的 UAP
2022年6月9日,NASA 宣布对不明异常现象(UAP)进行一项独立研究,重点是确定本机构能如何以科学方式处理这一问题。近来,许多可信的目击者(往往是军方飞行员)报告称在美国空域上空看到了他们无法辨认的物体。这些事件中的大多数此后已得到解释,但有一小部分无法被立即识别为已知的人造或自然现象。这些事件现被统称为 UAP。但这些物体是真实的,还是传感器伪影?它们是否对航空航天安全构成威胁?它们是否对美国国家安全构成威胁?它们是否是未知的自然现象?它们还能是什么?
本报告勾勒了如果本机构选择处理 UAP 问题,NASA 可采取的若干方法。NASA 使命的一个关键部分是探索未知。通常,探索最激动人心的方面是发现无法解释的现象。在发现之后,绘制未知图景的下一步需要运用严谨的科学方法来理解一项观测。这意味着审视我们的假设与直觉;透明而勤勉地收集数据;复现结果;寻求独立评估;并最终就某一发生情形的性质达成科学共识。正是托马斯·杰斐逊(Thomas Jefferson)在1808年的一封信中写道:“每天都有上千种现象呈现在我们面前,我们无法解释,但当所提出的事实与我们迄今所知的自然法则毫无类比之处时,其真实性需要与其难度相称的证据。”
今天,我们将杰斐逊的结论概括为“非凡的主张需要非凡的证据”。当涉及可能深刻改变我们如何看待自身在宇宙中位置的主张时,尤其如此。数千年来,我们开发了越来越强大的仪器来研究宇宙,每当我们以不同方式观察天空——或我们的星球——时,我们都会观测到起初无法解释、令人惊讶和困惑的现象。例如,1967年,天体物理学研究生约瑟琳·贝尔-伯内尔(Jocelyn Bell-Burnell)发现了一个脉动的宇宙射电源。其脉冲如此规律——恰如滴答作响的时钟——以致起初似乎是人工起源。但她最终发现,她那令人困惑的周期性宇宙天体是一颗快速旋转的中子星:脉冲星。今天,科学家已知有数千颗脉冲星,他们能利用其钟表般的旋转来探查从核物理到由碰撞的超大质量黑洞产生的引力波等一切。在1960年代,卫星还探测到神秘的伽马射线暴。这些起初看似冷战时代秘密核试验的证据。如今,天文学家知道这些极其高能的爆发是由大质量恒星灾难性坍缩死亡、以及恒星残骸剧烈碰撞所致。
科学也解决了起源离家更近的谜团,包括生物发光的机制以及闪烁的大气“精灵”——美丽的橙红色闪光,被报告了一百多年但直到最近才得到科学解释。理解这些事件的关键步骤是系统地收集数据、严格地检验假设、开发研究未知的新观测技术,以及开放而透明的科学讨论。
科学方法要求我们通过严格地评估自己的想法、愿意承认错误,以及遵循数据进入未知领域(无论它将引领我们去往何方)来解决问题。正如卡尔·萨根(Carl Sagan)在《魔鬼出没的世界》(The Demon-Haunted World)中所写:“科学引领我们走向理解世界本来的样子,而非我们希望它成为的样子。”
— p. 27 — 25
Science is a process that reveals reality rather than sculpts it—no matter how unsatisfying or confusing that reality
might be.
That includes the question of whether UAP have an extraterrestrial origin. There is an intellectual continuum between
hypothesizing that faraway extraterrestrial civilizations might produce detectable technologies, and looking for those
technologies closer to home. But in the search for life beyond Earth, extraterrestrial life itself must be the hypothesis
of last resort—the answer we turn to only after ruling out all other possibilities. As Sherlock Holmes said, “Once you
eliminate the impossible, whatever remains, no matter how improbable, must be the truth.”
To date, in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, there is no conclusive evidence suggesting an extraterrestrial
origin for UAP. When it comes to UAP, the challenge we have is that the data needed to explain these anomalous
sightings often do not exist; this includes eyewitness reports, which on their own can be interesting and compelling,
but aren’t reproducible and usually lack the information needed to make any definitive conclusions about a
phenomenon’s provenance.
This report offers a vision of how NASA could contribute to understanding the phenomena and how the agency’s
approach might complement efforts by other federal entities. Congress has made the Department of Defense’s
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) the lead Federal organization for resolving these anomalies. With its
emphasis on open scientific inquiry, NASA can complement AARO’s work.
The following sections highlight the information provided to the panel, and our conclusions, over seven months of
fact-finding.
What is NASA’s Role?
NASA is a science-driven agency committed to exploring and understanding air and space. That mission includes
tackling unknown phenomena, whether in the farthest reaches of the universe or closer to home, as well as here
on Earth. For more than 60 years, the Agency has focused on astronomy, astrophysics and aeronautics; it also
uses space-based assets to study our home world’s aquatic, atmospheric, cryospheric, and terrestrial systems.
As a result of NASA’s long and storied history of space (and space-based) research, the Agency has amassed a
robust and rigorous scientific arsenal for investigating unexplained observations, which will be crucial for studying
UAP. The Agency has a variety of existing and planned assets—plus a trove of historic and current data sets—that
could be used to address the challenges of detecting and/or understanding UAP. NASA research also employs
a wide range of observation and analytical methods, using calibrated sensors, advanced data analysis, modeling,
and cutting-edge computational and data visualization tools. As such, NASA’s missions, data, and technical
expertise in science and engineering could help to investigate and understand reported UAP.
The panel considered how existing and/or planned NASA missions, data, experience, or studies might contribute to
the understanding of UAP using global satellite and suborbital observations. Chiefly, NASA’s scientific discoveries,
results, and databases are public. Already, an extensive data archive from NASA satellites and foreign partner space
agencies is openly available, ensuring transparency as well as the opportunity for citizen scientist participation.
In Earth science, NASA’s core mission is to understand and protect our home planet. Passive radiometric Earth-
observing missions, such as NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites, currently employ a range of sensors that collect
information about Earth’s land, ocean, atmosphere, and other components. These data sets could help to identify
weather, ocean, and other environmental characteristics coincident with UAP observations. New Earth-observing
missions, such as NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar), a partnership with the Indian Space Research
Organization, will provide valuable radar data that could be helpful for examining UAP directly, in addition to their
environmental context.
— 第 27 页 — 科学是一个揭示现实而非雕琢现实的过程——无论那现实多么令人不满或困惑。
这包括 UAP 是否有地外起源的问题。在“假设遥远的地外文明可能产生可探测的技术”与“在离家更近处寻找那些技术”之间,存在一种智识上的连续统。但在寻找地球以外生命的过程中,地外生命本身必须是最后求助的假设——只有在排除所有其他可能性之后,我们才转向的答案。正如夏洛克·福尔摩斯所说:“当你排除了不可能之后,剩下的无论多么不可思议,都必定是真相。”
迄今为止,在同行评审的科学文献中,没有确凿证据表明 UAP 有地外起源。在 UAP 问题上,我们面临的挑战是:解释这些异常目击所需的数据往往并不存在;这包括目击者报告,它们本身可能有趣且引人注目,但不可复现,且通常缺乏就某一现象来源作出任何确定结论所需的信息。
本报告提供了一个愿景:NASA 可如何为理解这些现象作出贡献,以及本机构的方式将如何补充其他联邦实体的努力。国会已将国防部全域异常解决办公室(AARO)确定为解决这些异常的牵头联邦组织。凭借其对开放科学探究的强调,NASA 可补充 AARO 的工作。
以下各节重点介绍提供给小组的信息,以及我们在七个月事实调查中得出的结论。
NASA 的角色是什么?
NASA 是一个以科学为驱动、致力于探索和理解空中与太空的机构。这一使命包括应对未知现象,无论是在宇宙最遥远处还是离家更近处,乃至在地球上。60多年来,本机构专注于天文学、天体物理学与航空学;它还利用天基资产研究我们家园的水文、大气、冰冻圈与陆地系统。由于 NASA 在太空(及基于太空的)研究方面悠久而辉煌的历史,本机构已积累了一套稳健而严谨的科学武器库,用于调查无法解释的观测,这对研究 UAP 将至关重要。本机构拥有多种现有及计划中的资产——外加一批历史与当前数据集——可用于应对探测和/或理解 UAP 的挑战。NASA 的研究还采用广泛的观测与分析方法,使用经校准的传感器、先进的数据分析、建模,以及尖端的计算与数据可视化工具。因此,NASA 的任务、数据,以及在科学与工程方面的技术专长,可有助于调查和理解已报告的 UAP。
小组考量了现有和/或计划中的 NASA 任务、数据、经验或研究可如何利用全球卫星与亚轨道观测为理解 UAP 作出贡献。首要的是,NASA 的科学发现、成果与数据库都是公开的。目前,来自 NASA 卫星及外国伙伴航天机构的广泛数据档案已公开可得,确保了透明度以及公民科学家参与的机会。
在地球科学方面,NASA 的核心使命是理解并保护我们的家园星球。被动辐射测量对地观测任务(如 NASA 的 Terra 与 Aqua 卫星)目前采用一系列传感器,收集关于地球陆地、海洋、大气及其他组成部分的信息。这些数据集可有助于识别与 UAP 观测重合的天气、海洋及其他环境特征。新的对地观测任务(如 NISAR,即 NASA-ISRO 合成孔径雷达,与印度空间研究组织的合作)将提供有价值的雷达数据,除其环境背景外,这些数据可能有助于直接检视 UAP。
— p. 28 — 26
These newer observations live within a historical context. For more than 50 years, global time series data gathered
by NASA (with partners including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA]) have allowed
researchers to examine trends within and across components of Earth’s systems. Such long-term data sets help
scientists better understand the evolving Earth, while also identifying natural and anthropogenic variability in the
Earth system. Knowing that baseline allows researchers to detect and examine Earth’s environment for anomalies.
Examples of naturally occurring anomalies include events such as harmful algal blooms, hurricanes and typhoons,
changes in the jet stream, drought and fire conditions, and bioluminescence in the ocean. Understanding the origins
of such large-scale phenomena is at the heart of NASA’s Earth science mission.
NASA has a long and successful record of partnering with other Federal agencies. In the study of UAP, the
establishment of a NASA/AARO liaison will be an important step towards enabling interagency cooperation.
In addition to the Agency’s Earth science research programs, NASA also supports programs in astrobiology. Some
of these programs investigate life in extreme environments on Earth—with the hypothesis that such organisms and
conditions could be analogs for habitable environments elsewhere in the universe. Other programs investigate the
possibility that extraterrestrial life exists.
In astrophysics and space sciences, NASA is focused on understanding the universe. Looking for anomalies in both
air and space will likely lead to novel discoveries; some might reveal entirely new physics, while others will be inter-
esting and important even if their explanations lie in conventional physics. In time-domain astrophysics, researchers
are increasingly interested in identifying unusual, transient events. At radio wavelengths, this includes the recent
discovery of fast radio bursts, which astronomers are still struggling to understand. Recently, most innovation has
been accomplished by combining information from multiple observatories that operate at different electromagnetic
wavelengths, from radio and optical telescopes on the ground to ultraviolet and gamma-ray telescopes in space,
and even with different messengers: neutrinos and gravitational waves. Observatories with extensive sky coverage
and dense time coverage are ideal for spotting near-Earth objects with large proper motions and phenomena
with anomalous time evolution. For example, the NASA Planetary Defense Coordination program is dedicated to
leveraging NASA and partner astrophysical research assets to identify and classify near-Earth objects—such as
asteroids—that move rapidly across the sky.
In addition to its extensive Federal and international partnerships, NASA is also uniquely capable of leveraging
public and private partnerships—for example, working with commercial partners in Earth-observing satellite data.
These collaborations could result in new technologies that may be useful in observing and understanding UAP.
Partners, including other Federal agencies such as NOAA and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), may collect
data that could help to understand UAP. Moreover, NASA has a strong record of international collaboration, which
could be beneficial, as the study of these phenomena would benefit from global cooperation and data sharing.
Given NASA’s experience with long-term scientific projects and missions, the Agency is well equipped to handle
the extensive and ongoing study that UAP investigation likely requires.
Many scientists and aviators consider the study of UAP to be “fringe” at best. The panel heard a first-hand account
of the type of stigma that may come from reporting UAP, which almost certainly leads to attrition in reporting.
Recently, the DoD began encouraging military aviators to disclose anomalies they encountered, which resulted
in a significant increase in UAP reports: Between March 5, 2021, and August 30, 2022, DoD received a total of 247
new UAP reports, according to an analysis published by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI)
in 2022. In contrast, 263 reports had been filed in the 17 years prior to March 2021. Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick reported at
this panel’s public meeting that AARO has now collected more than 800 reported events. This includes the addition
of data from the FAA. AARO and ODNI assess that the observed increase in the reporting rate is partially due to a
— 第 28 页 — 这些较新的观测处于一个历史背景之中。50多年来,由 NASA(与包括国家海洋和大气管理局〔NOAA〕在内的伙伴)收集的全球时间序列数据,使研究人员能够检视地球系统各组成部分内部及之间的趋势。此类长期数据集帮助科学家更好地理解演变中的地球,同时也识别地球系统中的自然与人为变率。了解这一基线使研究人员能够探测并检视地球环境中的异常。自然发生的异常的例子包括有害藻华、飓风与台风、急流的变化、干旱与火灾状况,以及海洋中的生物发光等事件。理解此类大尺度现象的起源是 NASA 地球科学使命的核心。
NASA 在与其他联邦机构合作方面有着悠久而成功的记录。在 UAP 研究中,建立 NASA/AARO 联络将是促成跨机构合作的重要一步。
除本机构的地球科学研究项目外,NASA 还支持天体生物学项目。其中一些项目研究地球极端环境中的生命——假设此类生物与条件可能是宇宙中其他地方宜居环境的类比。其他项目则研究地外生命存在的可能性。
在天体物理学与空间科学方面,NASA 专注于理解宇宙。在空中与太空中寻找异常很可能导向新颖的发现;有些可能揭示全新的物理学,而另一些即使其解释在于常规物理学,也将是有趣而重要的。在时域天体物理学中,研究人员日益关注识别不寻常的瞬态事件。在射电波长上,这包括最近发现的快速射电暴,天文学家仍在努力理解它们。最近,大多数创新是通过结合来自多个在不同电磁波长上运作的天文台的信息而完成的,从地面的射电与光学望远镜到太空中的紫外与伽马射线望远镜,乃至使用不同的信使:中微子与引力波。具有广泛天区覆盖和密集时间覆盖的天文台,是发现具有大自行的近地天体以及具有异常时间演化的现象的理想工具。例如,NASA 行星防御协调项目致力于利用 NASA 及伙伴的天体物理研究资产,识别和归类快速划过天空的近地天体——如小行星。
除其广泛的联邦与国际伙伴关系外,NASA 还具备独特的能力来利用公共与私人伙伴关系——例如,与对地观测卫星数据的商业伙伴合作。这些协作可能产生在观测和理解 UAP 方面有用的新技术。包括 NOAA 与联邦航空管理局(FAA)等其他联邦机构在内的伙伴,可能收集有助于理解 UAP 的数据。此外,NASA 在国际协作方面有着良好记录,这可能有益,因为对这些现象的研究将受益于全球合作与数据共享。鉴于 NASA 在长期科学项目与任务方面的经验,本机构有充分能力处理 UAP 调查很可能所需的广泛而持续的研究。
许多科学家和飞行员认为对 UAP 的研究充其量是“边缘”的。小组听到了一个第一手叙述,讲述报告 UAP 可能带来的那种污名,这几乎肯定导致了报告的流失。近来,国防部开始鼓励军方飞行员披露他们遇到的异常,这导致 UAP 报告显著增加:根据国家情报总监办公室(ODNI)2022年发布的一份分析,在2021年3月5日至2022年8月30日之间,国防部共收到247份新的 UAP 报告。相比之下,在2021年3月之前的17年里共提交了263份报告。Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick 在本小组的公开会议上报告称,AARO 现已收集了超过800起已报告事件。这包括来自 FAA 的数据的加入。AARO 与 ODNI 评估认为,所观测到的报告率上升部分是由于(接下页)
— p. 29 — 27
better understanding of the possible threats that UAP may represent—either as flight safety hazards or as potential
adversary collection platforms. This is partially due to reduced stigma surrounding UAP reporting.
The negative stigma that impacts reporting rates in turn impacts the study of UAP. In testimony before the Senate
Commerce, Science and Technology Committee on February 15, 2023, the Acting FAA Administrator was asked
about the process for civilian reporting of balloons. The Administrator, who is also a pilot, indicated that the protocols
and reporting of balloons may be spotty. Thus, even as such reports are being encouraged, there are still barriers
to reporting observations. For example, how or where should someone make a report? Will the reporter be believed
or shamed? Will any action be taken to understand the event?
NASA could play an important role in destigmatizing the UAP reporting process. NASA’s long-standing public trust,
which is essential for communicating findings about these phenomena to the public, is also crucial for destigma-
tizing UAP reporting. The scientific processes used by NASA encourage critical thinking and skepticism; within this
framework, there should be no credulous acceptance of unlikely reports with unlikely explanations. NASA can model
for the public how to approach a topic, such as UAP, by applying transparent reporting and rigorous analyses.
Further, the NASA brand is trusted, global, and positive, representing science, curiosity, and technological achieve-
ment in the face of adversity. NASA serves as an example of professionalism and leadership in technological
advancement. The NASA logo is enough to generate interest and credibility; studies of things that were previously
fringe moved into the mainstream when NASA became involved. Prominent examples of NASA's involvement in
public life include slogans like “NASA is with you when you fly,” which promote aviation safety. In turn, every U.S.
commercial aircraft and every U.S. air traffic control tower has NASA-supported technology on board.
NASA’s public announcement of its UAP Independent Study Team membership was met with interest and spurred
both positive and negative feedback. At least one scientist serving on the study team reported receiving negative
(hate) mail from colleagues due to their membership. Others were ridiculed and criticized on social media. Study
Team members also noted firsthand knowledge of colleagues who were warned to stay away from research in areas
like extraterrestrial technosignatures, which could damage their scientific credibility and promotion potential. These
experiences further confirm the negative stigma associated with studying unusual or unexplained phenomena. Such
criticism, either by detractors or by proponents of the extraterrestrial hypothesis, are anathema to the scientific
method, which NASA always has and will continue to promote in an objective and open-minded fashion.
As a Federal agency, NASA can make it safer for researchers to explore data within the civilian aerospace domain
by starting that work within the Agency itself. NASA can look at how civil data is shared, study how reporting can
be incentivized, and help to engage the community. For example, NASA can rally the civil space community through
requests for information, by convening conferences, by offering grand challenges, and other activities.
Many Federal, state, local, private, and other domestic and international partners collect data and observations
that could be relevant for understanding UAP. As an example, NASA’s potential to study the universe is enhanced
through partnerships with other agencies, such as the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Department of
Energy (DoE), which are currently building facilities such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory that will generate data
that may be useful for understanding UAP in space. NASA’s ability to study Earth is enhanced through partnerships
with NSF, which supports Antarctic research. The Antarctic is a superb environment for collecting meteorites. With
its low level of human activity, it is a low “clutter” environment for identifying anomalies. Such sparsely occupied
airspaces may offer a low background environment for UAP searches; however, it is unclear as to whether or not
constraining the search geographically would exclude their presence, or whether environmental phenomena could
also be a significant, location-dependent source of noise.
The Federal partnership between AARO and NASA already provides a foundation for a collaborative examination
of UAP events. In addition, NASA and AARO should engage other agencies, as appropriate and as needed.
— 第 29 页 — 对 UAP 可能代表的潜在威胁——无论是作为飞行安全危害还是作为潜在对手的搜集平台——有了更好的理解。这部分也是由于围绕 UAP 报告的污名有所减少。
影响报告率的负面污名反过来又影响对 UAP 的研究。在2023年2月15日参议院商业、科学与交通委员会面前的证词中,FAA 代理署长被问及民用气球报告的流程。这位本身也是飞行员的署长表示,气球的规程与报告可能并不完善。因此,即使此类报告正受到鼓励,报告观测仍存在障碍。例如,应该如何或在何处作出报告?报告者会被相信还是被羞辱?是否会采取任何行动来理解该事件?
NASA 可在消除 UAP 报告流程的污名方面发挥重要作用。NASA 长期以来的公众信任对于向公众传达关于这些现象的发现至关重要,也对消除 UAP 报告的污名至关重要。NASA 所采用的科学流程鼓励批判性思维与怀疑精神;在这一框架内,不应轻信带有不可能解释的不可能报告。NASA 可为公众示范
— p. 30 — 28
The circled numbers in the image provide the information needed to estimate the object’s
altitude and velocity. This information includes (1) elevation angle of the camera (negative
= downward), (2) azimuth angle of the camera, (3) target range in nautical miles, (4) the
aircraft’s altitude in feet, (5) time reference in seconds, and (6) indicated air speed in knots.
Using items 1, 3, and 4, plus a bit of trigonometry, we calculate that the object is at an
altitude of 13,000 feet, and 4.2 miles from the ocean behind it (see middle panel). Given
that the aircraft’s groundspeed is about 435 mph, we may conclude that the impression
of rapid motion is at least partly due to the high velocity of the sensor, coupled with the
parallax effect.
We can use other information from the display to place some limits on the true velocity of
the object. This analysis is summarized in the right-hand panel, which depicts an overhead
view of the encounter during a 22-second interval. The jet was banking left at about 15°
during this time, which corresponds to an approximate turning radius of 16 kilometers.
We know the range and bearing of the object at the start (t=0s) and end (t=22s) times.
Using the calculated true air speed (TAS) and a bit more trigonometry, we find the object
moved about 390 meters during this 22-second interval, which corresponds to an average
speed of 40 mph. This is a typical wind speed at 13,000 feet.
Our calculation has neglected wind effects on the aircraft, and thus there is uncertainty in
this result. But the analysis reveals that the object need not be moving at an extraordinary
velocity. Note also that the object appears bright against a dark ocean for these display
settings. This indicates that the object is colder than the ocean. There is thus no evidence
of heat produced by a propulsion system. This further supports the conjecture that the object
is most likely drifting with the wind. The availability of additional data would enable a more
firm conclusion about the nature of this object.
Original GoFast video, released by the Department of Defense:
https://www.navair.navy.mil/foia/documents
A well-known UAP event is the “GoFast” video, recorded by navy aviators from
the USS Theodore Roosevelt. A still frame from this video is shown in the Figure
below, where the infrared camera has locked onto a small object in the center.
The video gives an impression of an object skimming above the ocean at a great
velocity. But analysis of the numerical information on the display reveals a less
extraordinary interpretation.
— 第 30 页 — 如何处理像 UAP 这样的主题,即运用透明报告与严谨分析。
此外,NASA 品牌是受信任的、全球性的、正面的,代表着在逆境中的科学、好奇心与技术成就。NASA 是技术进步中专业精神与领导力的典范。NASA 标识本身就足以激发兴趣与可信度;当 NASA 介入时,此前属于边缘的研究便进入了主流。NASA 参与公共生活的著名例子包括“NASA 与你同飞”(NASA is with you when you fly)等口号,它们促进航空安全。反过来,每一架美国商业飞机和每一座美国空中交通管制塔台都搭载有 NASA 支持的技术。
NASA 关于其 UAP 独立研究小组成员的公开宣布引起了兴趣,并激起了正面和负面的反馈。至少有一名在研究小组任职的科学家报告称,因其成员身份而收到来自同事的负面(仇恨)邮件。其他人在社交媒体上遭到嘲笑和批评。研究小组成员还指出,他们第一手了解到有同事被警告远离诸如地外技术特征等领域的研究,因为这可能损害他们的科学信誉与晋升潜力。这些经历进一步证实了与研究不寻常或无法解释现象相关的负面污名。此类批评,无论来自反对者还是地外假说的支持者,都与科学方法格格不入——NASA 始终并将继续以客观、开放的态度倡导科学方法。
作为一个联邦机构,NASA 可通过在本机构内部启动这项工作,使研究人员在民用航空航天领域内探索数据变得更安全。NASA 可审视民用数据如何共享、研究如何激励报告,并帮助调动社区。例如,NASA 可通过信息征询、召开会议、提供重大挑战及其他活动来动员民用航天社区。
许多联邦、州、地方、私人及其他国内外伙伴收集着可能与理解 UAP 相关的数据与观测。例如,NASA 研究宇宙的潜力通过与其他机构(如国家科学基金会〔NSF〕与能源部〔DoE〕)的伙伴关系而得到增强,这些机构目前正在建设诸如 Vera C. Rubin 天文台之类的设施,将产生可能有助于理解太空中 UAP 的数据。NASA 研究地球的能力通过与支持南极研究的 NSF 的伙伴关系而得到增强。南极是采集陨石的绝佳环境。由于人类活动水平低,它是识别异常的低“杂波”环境。此类人迹稀少的空域可能为 UAP 搜索提供一个低背景环境;然而,尚不清楚从地理上限定搜索是否会排除它们的存在,或环境现象是否也可能是一个显著的、依地点而定的噪声源。
AARO 与 NASA 之间已有的联邦伙伴关系,已为对 UAP 事件的协作检视提供了基础。此外,NASA 与 AARO 应酌情并按需与其他机构接洽。
[图说明:图像中带圈的数字提供了估算物体高度与速度所需的信息。这些信息包括:(1) 摄像头的俯仰角(负值=向下),(2) 摄像头的方位角,(3) 目标距离(海里),(4) 飞机的高度(英尺),(5) 时间参考(秒),以及 (6) 指示空速(节)。利用第1、3、4项,加上一点三角学,我们计算出该物体位于13,000英尺的高度,距其后方海洋4.2英里(见中间面板)。鉴于飞机的地速约为435英里/小时,我们可以得出结论:快速运动的印象至少部分是由传感器的高速度加上视差效应造成的。
我们可利用显示屏上的其他信息对该物体的真实速度施加一些限制。这一分析总结在右侧面板中,它描绘了在22秒间隔内该次遭遇的俯视图。在此期间喷气机以约15°向左倾斜,这对应约16公里的转弯半径。我们知道物体在起始(t=0秒)和结束(t=22秒)时刻的距离与方位。利用计算出的真实空速(TAS)和再多一点三角学,我们发现该物体在这22秒间隔内移动了约390米,对应约40英里/小时的平均速度。这是13,000英尺高度的典型风速。
我们的计算忽略了风对飞机的影响,因此这一结果存在不确定性。但分析揭示,该物体不一定以非凡的速度运动。还要注意,在这些显示设置下,该物体在黑暗海洋的映衬下显得明亮。这表明该物体比海洋更冷。因此没有由推进系统产生热量的证据。这进一步支持了该物体很可能随风漂移的推测。额外数据的可得性将使得对该物体性质作出更确定的结论成为可能。
由国防部发布的原始 GoFast 视频:https://www.navair.navy.mil/foia/documents
一个广为人知的 UAP 事件是“GoFast”视频,由来自 USS Theodore Roosevelt(罗斯福号航母)的海军飞行员录制。该视频的一帧静止画面如下图所示,其中红外摄像头锁定了中心一个小物体。该视频给人一种物体以极高速度掠过海洋之上的印象。但对显示屏上数值信息的分析揭示了一种不那么非凡的解释。]
— p. 31 — 29
U.S. Federal agencies that could support the effort to understand UAP include the DoD, Department of State,
the FAA, the Department of Commerce (DoC) and major agencies within DoC including NOAA, the National Institute
of Standards and Technology, and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, plus the DoE and NSF.
Data on UAP
Status of Existing Data
NASA collects an enormous amount of data using highly-calibrated, validated equipment from a variety of environ-
ments and domains across the entire Earth. Could NASA bring this same approach of rigorous science to UAP?
Before we can apply the scientific method to understanding an unusual phenomenon, the relevant data must first
meet standards for data-driven approaches. Many such standards have been codified over time, including the FAIR
data principle—an acronym for Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability2. We followed these and
other similar principles when reviewing the current status of data on UAP, and that analysis led to the findings and
recommendations in this report.
UAP data are rarely, if ever, collected in a concerted effort to understand the phenomenon; they are usually
coincidental observations. Often, observations of UAP are made using instruments or sensors that have not
been designed or calibrated to detect anomalous objects, and to constrain their movement parameters. Metadata
(meaning sensor type, manufacturer, noise characteristics, time of acquisition, instrument sensitivity, information
about the data storage such as bit-depth, location of the sensor, conditions of the sensor such as temperature,
exposure characteristics, and so on) are often absent, making calibration and a thorough understanding of context
difficult. So, there is correspondingly limited information associated with many of the unresolved UAP reports—
even if several reports are accompanied by photographic or videographic evidence.
As a result, existing observations are neither optimized for studying UAP nor are they suited for a systematic
scientific analysis.
In addition, much of the data collected by military sensors or intelligence satellites are classified—often because
of what the imagery could reveal about U.S. technical capabilities to our adversaries, and not because of what
is actually in the images. While essential for security, these classified observations enhance the sense of mystery
and conspiracy surrounding UAP, and they present an obstacle to scientific inquiry.
For many events, the data and metadata did not enable a conclusive characterization of the size, motion, or nature
of the UAP. Yet, where it did, such as in the “GoFast” UAP video, the apparent anomalous behavior of the UAP can
often be explained by the motion of the sensor platform3.
In contrast, NASA observations are made using well-calibrated instruments that have been designed for their
specific use cases. This is how NASA can scientifically approach the study of Earth- and space-based phenomena.
In science, data need to be reproducible, and hypotheses falsifiable—the scientific method works by systematically
analyzing data with the intent to falsify a hypothesis.
As a general principle, the data should support measurement that can rule out specific explanations or interpretations,
leaving us with no choice but to embrace its opposite. In the case of UAP, the hypothesis we seek to reject (or “null
hypothesis”) is that the UAP have phenomenology consistent with known natural or technological causes. Eye-
witness reports should be considered along with corroborating sensor data in the study of UAP as reports may
reveal patterns (for example, clusters in time or location). Yet, without calibrated sensor data to accompany it,
no report can provide conclusive evidence on the nature of UAP or enable a study into the details of what was
witnessed. While witnesses may be inherently credible, reports are not repeatable by others, and they do not allow
a complete investigation into possible cognitive biases and errors (such as accuracy in perception, or misperception
caused by environmental factors, errors in the recording device, judgment or misjudgment of distance or speed, for
2 https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618
3 Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick’s presentation to this committee, May 31, 2023
— 第 31 页 — 可支持理解 UAP 之努力的美国联邦机构包括:国防部(DoD)、国务院、FAA、商务部(DoC)及 DoC 内部的主要机构(包括 NOAA、国家标准与技术研究院、海洋能源管理局),外加 DoE 与 NSF。
关于 UAP 的数据
现有数据状况
NASA 使用高度校准、经验证的设备,从整个地球的各种环境与领域收集大量数据。NASA 能否将这种严谨科学的方法带入 UAP?在我们能将科学方法应用于理解一种不寻常现象之前,相关数据必须首先满足数据驱动方法的标准。许多此类标准已随时间被编纂,包括 FAIR 数据原则——可发现性、可访问性、可互操作性与可重用性的缩写²。我们在审查 UAP 数据的当前状况时遵循了这些及其他类似原则,该分析导出了本报告中的发现与建议。
UAP 数据极少(如果有的话)是为理解该现象而齐心协力收集的;它们通常是偶然的观测。UAP 的观测往往使用并非为探测异常物体、约束其运动参数而设计或校准的仪器或传感器。元数据(即传感器类型、制造商、噪声特征、获取时间、仪器灵敏度、关于数据存储的信息如位深、传感器位置、传感器状况如温度、曝光特征等)往往缺失,使校准和对背景的透彻理解变得困难。因此,许多未解决的 UAP 报告所关联的信息相应有限——即使若干报告附有摄影或视频证据。
因此,现有观测既未针对研究 UAP 而优化,也不适于系统的科学分析。
此外,军用传感器或情报卫星收集的大量数据是保密的——往往是因为这些图像可能向我们的对手透露关于美国技术能力的信息,而非因为图像中实际是什么。虽然对安全至关重要,但这些保密观测增强了围绕 UAP 的神秘感与阴谋感,并对科学探究构成障碍。
对于许多事件,数据与元数据未能对 UAP 的大小、运动或性质作出确定的表征。然而,在能够做到的地方,例如“GoFast”UAP 视频,UAP 表面上的异常行为往往可由传感器平台的运动来解释³。
相比之下,NASA 的观测使用为其特定用例而设计的、校准良好的仪器进行。这是 NASA 能以科学方式处理对地基与天基现象研究的方式。在科学中,数据需要可复现,假设需要可证伪——科学方法通过系统地分析数据、意图证伪一项假设而起作用。
作为一般原则,数据应支持能够排除特定解释或诠释的测量,使我们别无选择只能接受其反面。在 UAP 的情形中,我们试图否定的假设(或“零假设”)是 UAP 具有与已知自然或技术成因相一致的现象学。在 UAP 研究中,目击者报告应与佐证性的传感器数据一并考量,因为报告可能揭示模式(例如时间或地点上的聚集)。然而,若无经校准的传感器数据相伴,任何报告都无法就 UAP 的性质提供确凿证据,或无法对所目击之物的细节进行研究。虽然目击者本身可能可信,但报告无法被他人重复,且不允许对可能的认知偏差与错误(例如感知的准确性,或由环境因素、记录设备误差、距离或速度的判断或误判等造成的误判)进行完整调查,
² https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618
³ Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick 向本委员会的陈述,2023年5月31日
— p. 32 — 30
example). Therefore, the reports do not alone constitute data that can support a repeatable, reproducible analysis,
and the hypothesis that what was witnessed was a manifestation of known natural or technological phenomena
cannot be falsified.
Collecting New Data
The instrumental characteristics of the equipment that can potentially capture UAP data are important information
that should be available for researchers studying the observations. This is essential for a data- driven study of UAP.
These characteristics may include lab-measured (rather than field-reported) error rates of sensors that are routinely
used by both civilian and military aircraft; modeling of optical “ghosting” in the images due to scattering of solar
and lunar glints within the camera system; solar or bright star glints from oceans’ surfaces; and noise sources
intrinsic to the sensors themselves.
Multisensor platforms are important for providing a complete picture of a UAP event. An object’s motion should be
recorded, as well as its shape (imaging data), color (multispectra or hyperspectral data) and any sounds and other
characteristics. Crowd-sourced observations that are standardized can also offer important metadata information
that can be used to filter and classify events.
The panel sees an advantage to augmenting potential data collection efforts using modern crowd-sourcing
techniques, including open-source smartphone-based apps. Using open-source software is consistent with NASA’s
commitment to transparency. From multiple near-simultaneous observations with smartphones, imaging and sound
data could be collated, and metadata used to triangulate an object’s location and estimate its velocity and size.
Such a database could be developed through a partnership involving AARO, NASA, and commercial partners. The
collected data would need to meet the standards described above, so platform developers would need to focus on
constructing a data architecture that would support such collection. NASA can use its experience in citizen science
projects to help minimize data noise, systematic errors, and cognitive biases related to human observed events
(as opposed to sensors).
Once an anomalous signal is identified, new discovery infrastructure may be needed to characterize it in full. Collecting
additional data on a rapidly evolving phenomenon of interest has become a common practice in astrophysics,
but collection of what in astrophysics is referred to as “follow-up data” requires a high level of automation in the
collection, reduction, (real time) analysis of the discovery data, and robotization of follow-up facilities. While NASA
has historically paved the way for this mode of observing by developing and supporting the General Coordinates
Network (GCN) that enables rapid coordination of observations from ground and space assets, consideration of
developing such an infrastructure should follow after careful planning of the discovery data as outlined above as
such a plan is significantly resource-intensive. If systematic studies of these events continue to reveal anomalies,
then future studies may consider optimizing such a system of follow-up observations.
Data Curation and Integration
There is no standardized Federal system for making civilian UAP reports. While the DoD is establishing a systematic
mechanism for military UAP reports, current FAA guidelines instruct persons wanting to report UAP to contact local
law enforcement or a non-governmental organization such as the National UFO Reporting Center4. This results in
inhomogeneously collected, processed, and curated data.
Integrating NASA’s open, civilian dataset with DoD’s more focused, restricted information would take some effort.
Additionally, data integration opportunities exist with NOAA. Assets such as the NEXRAD Doppler radar network
(160 weather radars jointly operated by the FAA, U.S. Air Force, and National Weather Service) or the Geostationary
Operational Environmental Satellites may be very useful for distinguishing interesting objects from airborne (wind-
borne) clutter.
4 https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/atc_html/chap9_section_8.html
— 第 32 页 — 例如。因此,这些报告本身并不构成能够支持可重复、可复现分析的数据,且“所目击之物是已知自然或技术现象之表现”这一假设无法被证伪。
收集新数据
可能捕获 UAP 数据的设备的仪器特性,是研究这些观测的研究人员应能获得的重要信息。这对 UAP 的数据驱动研究至关重要。这些特性可能包括:民用与军用飞机常规使用的传感器的实验室测量(而非现场报告)误差率;由于太阳与月球反光在摄像系统内散射造成的图像光学“鬼影”建模;来自海洋表面的太阳或亮星反光;以及传感器自身固有的噪声源。
多传感器平台对于提供 UAP 事件的完整图景很重要。应记录物体的运动,以及其形状(成像数据)、颜色(多光谱或高光谱数据)和任何声音及其他特征。经标准化的众包观测也能提供可用于过滤和归类事件的重要元数据信息。
小组认为,运用现代众包技术(包括开源智能手机应用)来增强潜在的数据收集工作有优势。使用开源软件符合 NASA 对透明度的承诺。从多次近乎同时的智能手机观测中,可整理成像与声音数据,并使用元数据对物体位置进行三角测量、估算其速度与大小。此类数据库可通过一项涉及 AARO、NASA 与商业伙伴的合作来开发。所收集数据需满足上述标准,因此平台开发者需专注于构建能支持此类收集的数据架构。NASA 可运用其在公民科学项目方面的经验,帮助将与人类观测事件(而非传感器)相关的数据噪声、系统性误差与认知偏差降至最低。
一旦识别出异常信号,可能需要新的发现基础设施来对其进行全面表征。对一个快速演变的关注现象收集额外数据,在天体物理学中已成为常见做法,但收集天体物理学中所称的“跟进数据”需要在发现数据的收集、归约、(实时)分析方面具备高度自动化,以及跟进设施的机器人化。虽然 NASA 历史上通过开发和支持通用坐标网络(General Coordinates Network, GCN,它使地面与太空资产的观测能够快速协调)为这种观测模式开辟了道路,但鉴于此类计划是显著资源密集的,开发此类基础设施的考量应在如上所述对发现数据进行仔细规划之后进行。如果对这些事件的系统研究继续揭示异常,那么未来的研究可考虑优化这样一套跟进观测系统。
数据整理与整合
目前尚无用于民用 UAP 报告的标准化联邦系统。虽然国防部正在为军方 UAP 报告建立系统化机制,但当前 FAA 指南指示想要报告 UAP 的人联系当地执法部门或一个非政府组织(如国家 UFO 报告中心〔National UFO Reporting Center〕)⁴。这导致数据的收集、处理与整理不均一。
将 NASA 开放的民用数据集与国防部更聚焦、受限的信息整合起来需要一些努力。此外,与 NOAA 之间存在数据整合机会。诸如 NEXRAD 多普勒雷达网络(由 FAA、美国空军与国家气象局共同运营的160部气象雷达)或地球静止轨道运行环境卫星等资产,对于将有趣物体与空中(随风)杂波区分开来可能非常有用。
⁴ https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/atc_html/chap9_section_8.html
— p. 33 — 31
5 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576522000480
Commercial remote sensing systems could be another source of high-quality UAP-relevant data, as high-resolution,
high-cadence imagery captured by dense satellite constellations could resolve UAP events. For instance, commercial
constellations provide daily (or more frequent) cadence imagery, at sub- to several- meter spatial resolution. However,
integrating anomalous events across platforms, including radar data and commercial downward looking satellites,
is an expensive exercise.
In addition to integration, data curation is also an important part of the scientific approach. Currently, studying even
a single UAP event requires a heavy lift in retrieving data (and metadata, when available), which at the moment
is entirely manual. It cannot be automated due to the poor organization and curation of the data. Organized data
repositories are needed to facilitate automation in retrieving UAP data—and therefore, to facilitate the systematic,
scientific approach to studying UAP. NASA’s extensive experience in data calibration, cleaning, curation, manage-
ment, and distribution, and its practice of making all of its data accessible to the public, could be leveraged to set
up curated data repositories for the study of UAP. These repositories could include data from NASA assets that are
suitable for the study of UAP, as well as crowd-sourced data from NASA-related platforms.
Curated public repositories of UAP data would facilitate data mining (or knowledge discovery from data) by scientists
and citizen scientists. Several platforms built for analyzing scientific data have led to historical scientific discoveries.
For example, the Galaxy Zoo, a platform that collects astrophysical data and enables citizen-scientist projects, led
to the discovery of Boyajian’s Star—a star with unique and peculiar fluctuations in brightness that at one point was
considered a potential signature of alien technology. Years later, the star’s behavior was understood to be the work
of a disk of disrupted comets.
A strategy that encourages citizen analysis of UAP data would bring an element of transparency to the field that
could help combat biases, preconceived skepticism, and mistrust of authorities. Opening the analysis to a large
audience would also improve robustness: Multiple competing but independent teams, working on solving science’s
biggest questions, provide an additional layer of verification. As an example, the unexpected finding that the
universe is expanding at an accelerating rate (because of the mysterious force that we now call “dark energy”)
is a good example of how that might work. In the 1990s, two independent teams simultaneously found evidence
for the accelerating cosmos using data that had been collected and analyzed independently.
Analyzing UAP Data
When searching for a signal in data, scientists often have to separate and extract it from a complex background of
signals produced by unrelated phenomena—commonly referred to as simply “background,” noise, or clutter. Therefore,
when looking for rare and unusual events, a common strategy is to search where there is little background noise. For
example, neutrino experiments are often conducted underground (e.g. the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy,
IceCUBE in Antarctica); most particles cannot reach those depths because they are absorbed by the Earth. Meteorite
hunters are often most successful in Antarctica—any rock found on top of a glacier is an interesting object.
In contrast, the airspace near military sites is a challenging place to search for UAP: human aircrafts, drones,
balloons, and other objects, are all significant sources of background.
Geographically, sparsely occupied airspaces—such above the South Pole—may offer a low background environment
for UAP searches. But UAP are poorly understood, and it’s not clear whether limiting the search geographically
would exclude their presence, or whether environmental phenomena could also be a significant, location-dependent
source of noise. Another background-limiting strategy would be to examine astronomical plates for satellites prior
to 1959, when Sputnik, the first artificial satellite of Earth5 launched. (Although, if something unusual were to be found
in historical astronomical plates, it would be difficult to verify its nature with additional data, as historical records may
be incomplete, lost, intractable, not reproducible, and at best laborious to cross-reference.)
— 第 33 页 — ⁵ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576522000480
商业遥感系统可能是另一个高质量 UAP 相关数据的来源,因为由密集卫星星座捕获的高分辨率、高频次图像可解析 UAP 事件。例如,商业星座以亚米至数米空间分辨率提供每日(或更频繁)频次的图像。然而,跨平台整合异常事件(包括雷达数据与商业向下观测卫星)是一项昂贵的工作。
除整合外,数据整理也是科学方法的重要部分。目前,即使研究单一 UAP 事件也需要在检索数据(以及元数据,若可得)方面付出巨大努力,目前这完全是手工的。由于数据的组织与整理欠佳,它无法自动化。需要有组织的数据存储库以促进 UAP 数据检索的自动化——从而促进研究 UAP 的系统、科学方法。NASA 在数据校准、清理、整理、管理与分发方面的广泛经验,及其使所有数据向公众开放的做法,可被用于为 UAP 研究建立经整理的数据存储库。这些存储库可包括来自适于研究 UAP 的 NASA 资产的数据,以及来自 NASA 相关平台的众包数据。
经整理的 UAP 数据公共存储库将促进科学家与公民科学家进行数据挖掘(或从数据中发现知识)。若干为分析科学数据而构建的平台已带来历史性的科学发现。例如,Galaxy Zoo——一个收集天体物理数据并支持公民科学家项目的平台——促成了对博亚吉安星(Boyajian's Star)的发现,这是一颗具有独特而奇异亮度波动的恒星,一度被认为是外星技术的潜在特征。多年后,该星的行为被理解为一圈瓦解彗星的产物。
一种鼓励公民分析 UAP 数据的战略,将为该领域带来一种透明度元素,有助于对抗偏见、先入为主的怀疑以及对当局的不信任。将分析向广大受众开放还将提高稳健性:多个相互竞争但独立的团队,共同致力于解决科学最大的问题,提供了额外一层验证。例如,宇宙正在加速膨胀(因为我们现在称为“暗能量”的神秘力量)这一意外发现就是一个很好的例子,说明这可能如何奏效。在1990年代,两个独立团队同时利用各自独立收集和分析的数据,发现了宇宙加速的证据。
分析 UAP 数据
在数据中搜索信号时,科学家往往必须将其从由无关现象产生的复杂信号背景中分离并提取出来——通常简称为“背景”、噪声或杂波。因此,在寻找罕见而不寻常的事件时,一种常见策略是在背景噪声很小的地方搜索。例如,中微子实验常在地下进行(例如意大利的格兰萨索国家实验室〔Gran Sasso National Laboratory〕、南极的 IceCUBE);大多数粒子无法到达那些深度,因为它们被地球吸收。陨石猎人往往在南极最为成功——任何在冰川顶上发现的石头都是有趣的物体。
相比之下,军事设施附近的空域是搜索 UAP 的一个具有挑战性的地方:人类飞机、无人机、气球及其他物体都是显著的背景源。
从地理上看,人迹稀少的空域——例如南极上空——可能为 UAP 搜索提供一个低背景环境。但 UAP 知之甚少,尚不清楚从地理上限定搜索是否会排除它们的存在,或环境现象是否也可能是一个显著的、依地点而定的噪声源。另一种限制背景的策略是检视1959年(斯普特尼克,即地球第一颗人造卫星⁵发射)之前的天文底片以寻找卫星。(不过,如果在历史天文底片中发现某种不寻常之物,将很难用额外数据核实其性质,因为历史记录可能不完整、丢失、难以处理、不可复现,且充其量也需费力交叉参照。)
— p. 34 — 32
Fortunately, modern analytical techniques have improved our ability to find extremely rare signals within a sea of clutter,
whether that is one Higgs event in 1010 collisions with the Large Hadron Collider, or a small number of photons from an
exoplanet hiding in a billion stellar background photons. If the background cannot be minimized, it has to be charac-
terized in detail and completely; detailed knowledge of the signatures (morphological, spectroscopic, kinematic) of all
known airborne events need to be incorporated to eliminate spurious detections of known phenomena. This requires
an extensive study of known events with accurately calibrated instruments.
There are numerous balloons and drones in the air at any moment. Observers may report some of these conven-
tional objects as anomalies. The DoD already has the responsibility of alert response to unexplained aircraft in U.S.
airspace. NASA could be a partner in the search for aerospatial events by enabling cross-identification with anom-
alies in the Earth-space environment. Since NASA data are already public and offered to the world in well-curated
repositories accessible programmatically, the Agency’s portfolio is set up to enable cross-referencing with NASA
data and contribute to this characterization.
A database that supports the characterization of background signals should include information about the launch
rate of balloons (weather, scientific, commercial, hobbyist, and military—where allowed by national security
considerations); number of aircraft in the sky across the United States and the globe; daily drone launch rate
within U.S. airspace; as well as characteristics of the appearance and motion capabilities of these items.
There are two approaches to detecting anomalies in large datasets. If you are looking for a needle in a haystack,
one approach is to have a detailed model of the properties of needles and look for anything that looks like a needle.
The other approach is to have an accurate model of the properties of hay and look for anything that looks different
from hay.
In the first approach, if one knows the signal to expect, a model (or simulations) can be developed to look for that
signal in large datasets. While we may be able to anticipate the sorts of signals produced by physical systems that
adhere to known laws of physics, we cannot comprehensively envision all possible signals that could explain UAP,
or that come from new technology or new physics (were it adversarial, extraterrestrial, or a naturally occurring but
as-of-yet unknown phenomena).
The alternative approach to detecting anomalies requires a deep and thorough knowledge of what is normal and
known, which can subsequently be separated from what is anomalous and unknown.
Machine learning has emerged as a powerful tool for the search for rare events, such as the creation of a Higgs Boson
at an accelerator, the detection of rare cancer types, or the detection of fraudulent credit card charges to intrusions in
cyber infrastructure. Machine learning and AI can play a role in the study of UAP, but not until the data both meet the
standards described above and enable an extensive characterization of known and anomalous signals.
A recommendation about which methodologies specifically should be applied to this problem cannot be given at this
time, as that selection depends on the nature of the data to be analyzed. Thus this question should be asked after
(or ideally together with) the questions pertaining to UAP observing platforms and curated repositories for UAP data.
Once the nature of the data is established, selecting algorithms for their analysis can be completed.
However, in the broad and lively domain of anomaly detection it is likely that methodologies for studying UAP
already exist or can be adapted from analytical methods developed in other fields. Developing entirely new method-
ologies will likely be unnecessary and even a waste of resources, though adapting existing methods will still require
some amount of dedicated effort. NASA could leverage its name, broad reach, and popularity to encourage and
support an extensive review of existing methods for anomaly detection in the context of multidisciplinary confer-
ences, workshops, and data challenges with mock datasets.
— 第 34 页 — 幸运的是,现代分析技术提高了我们在杂波之海中发现极其罕见信号的能力,无论那是大型强子对撞机中10¹⁰次碰撞里的一次希格斯事件,还是隐藏在十亿个恒星背景光子中的、来自系外行星的少量光子。如果背景无法被最小化,就必须对其进行详尽而完整的表征;需要纳入对所有已知空中事件特征(形态、光谱、运动学)的详细知识,以消除对已知现象的虚假探测。这需要用精确校准的仪器对已知事件进行广泛研究。
任何时刻空中都有大量气球和无人机。观察者可能将其中一些常规物体报告为异常。国防部已肩负对美国空域中无法解释飞行器作出警报响应的责任。NASA 可成为搜索空天事件的伙伴,途径是实现与地球-空间环境中异常的交叉识别。由于 NASA 数据已经公开,并以可通过程序访问的、整理良好的存储库形式提供给全世界,本机构的资产组合已具备条件,能够实现与 NASA 数据的交叉参照并为这一表征作出贡献。
一个支持背景信号表征的数据库应包括以下信息:气球(气象、科学、商业、业余爱好者及军用——在国家安全考量允许的范围内)的发射率;美国及全球天空中飞机的数量;美国空域内每日无人机发射率;以及这些物品的外观与运动能力的特征。
在大型数据集中探测异常有两种方法。如果你在草堆里找针,一种方法是拥有关于针的属性的详细模型,并寻找任何看起来像针的东西。另一种方法是拥有关于草的属性的准确模型,并寻找任何看起来与草不同的东西。
在第一种方法中,如果一个人知道要预期的信号,便可开发一个模型(或仿真)以在大型数据集中寻找该信号。虽然我们或许能够预料遵循已知物理定律的物理系统所产生的各类信号,但我们无法全面设想所有可能解释 UAP、或来自新技术或新物理(无论是对抗性的、地外的,还是一种自然发生但迄今未知的现象)的可能信号。
探测异常的另一种方法要求对什么是正常和已知有深入而透彻的了解,随后可将其与异常和未知的情况分离开来。
机器学习已成为搜索罕见事件的强大工具,例如在加速器中产生希格斯玻色子、探测罕见癌症类型,或探测欺诈性信用卡消费乃至网络基础设施入侵。机器学习与 AI 可在 UAP 研究中发挥作用,但要等到数据既满足上述标准、又能实现对已知与异常信号的广泛表征之后。
目前无法就具体应将哪些方法论应用于这一问题给出建议,因为这一选择取决于待分析数据的性质。因此,这个问题应在关于 UAP 观测平台与经整理的 UAP 数据存储库的问题之后(或理想地与之一起)提出。一旦确立了数据的性质,便可完成为其分析选择算法的工作。
然而,在广阔而活跃的异常探测领域,用于研究 UAP 的方法论很可能已经存在,或可从其他领域开发的分析方法改编而来。开发全新的方法论很可能是不必要的,甚至是资源的浪费,尽管改编现有方法仍将需要一定量的专门努力。NASA 可利用其名号、广泛影响力与受欢迎程度,在多学科会议、研讨会,以及使用模拟数据集的数据挑战的背景下,鼓励并支持对现有异常探测方法的广泛审查。
— p. 35 — 33
6 Community Report From the Biosignatures Standards of Evidence Workshop - https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.14293
7 National Academies Independent Review of the Community Report from the Biosignature Standards of Evidence Workshop: Report Series Committee on Astrobiology
and Planetary Sciences (2022) - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26621/independent-review-of-the-community-report-from-the-biosignature-standards-of-
evidence-workshop
Observations Beyond Earth’s Atmosphere
Even if all of the UAP events have conventional origins, the search for signs of life beyond Earth is a compelling scientific
quest. For many years, researchers in astrobiology and SETI, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, have focused
on developing the techniques and methods needed to spot life’s signatures in the cosmos. To do that, they must first
identify an anomalous signature—perhaps something suggestive of life—and then determine if that signature has an
explanation based on known phenomena or if it reveals previously undetected biological or even technological activity.
These NASA-supported scientific communities have relevant experience in first determining and then communicating
whether observations that might at first appear extraordinary actually justify making extraordinary claims6,7.
Many of NASA’s science missions are, at least in part, focused on answering the question of whether life exists beyond
Earth. Those investigations include missions looking for biosignatures, perhaps on Mars or the icy moons orbiting
Jupiter and Saturn—as well as farther afield, in the ratios of molecules present in exoplanet atmospheres.
Searching for signs of alien technology is a natural extension of those investigations. In 2017, Jill Tarter, one of the
pioneers in the scientific search for extraterrestrial intelligence, coined the term “technosignatures” to capture the
breadth of technologies that might be detectable. Today, we consider technosignatures to be the fingerprints of an
advanced civilization in the same way that we consider metabolic byproducts, or ratios of atmospheric gases, to be
the fingerprints of biology.
NASA funded short-lived searches for radio technosignatures decades ago. More recently, the agency funded a study
of potential atmospheric technosignatures on exoplanets; it also supported a survey for the waste heat generated by
Dyson spheres in existing infrared data. Such surveys provide useful astrophysical data even in the absence of a
technosignature discovery. In addition, solar system exploration offers multiple possibilities for technosignature
searches at modest additional costs. These studies could provide scientifically useful results whether or not they
identify technosignatures.
NASA is the lead agency for solar system exploration. It already has an active program of detecting objects in our solar
neighborhood using both ground-based and space-based facilities, and it could leverage those capabilities to search
for objects in space with anomalous motion or trajectories. For example, we are capable of launching spacecraft that
can escape Earth’s orbit—and even escape the Sun’s gravity. A more advanced civilization could be capable of build-
ing crafts that can travel much faster than the 45 km/s escape velocity from Earth’s orbit, or even the 600 km/s escape
velocity from our Galaxy. Interstellar travel would likely require such speeds and may entail travel at relativistic veloc-
ities. Searching for high velocity objects moving through our solar system is an example of a high risk of failure/high
value of return study. In addition to looking for anomalous velocities in new or existing datasets, search programs
could target objects with unusual light curves, acceleration, spectral signatures, or other relevant anomalies.
Currently planned or existing NASA missions can widen their scope to include searching for extraterrestrial techno-
signatures in planetary atmospheres, on planetary surfaces, or in near-Earth space. These searches generally wouldn’t
require changes in hardware or data acquisition, but may simply require new directions in data analysis. For example,
high sensitivity studies of the stable Earth-Moon Lagrange points might conceivably find technosignatures but would
likely have a high scientific payoff, such as possibly finding remnants of the collision that formed our Moon.
At this point there is no reason to conclude that existing UAP reports have an extraterrestrial source. However, if we
acknowledge that as one possibility, then those objects must have traveled through our solar system to get here.
Just as the galaxy does not stop at the outskirts of the solar system, the solar system also includes Earth and its
environs. Thus, there is an intellectual continuum between extrasolar technosignatures, solar system SETI, and
potential unknown alien technology operating in Earth’s atmosphere. If we recognize the plausibility of any
of these, then we should recognize that all are at least plausible.
— 第 35 页 — ⁶ 来自生物特征证据标准研讨会的社区报告 - https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.14293
⁷ 国家科学院对来自生物特征证据标准研讨会的社区报告的独立审查:报告系列,天体生物学与行星科学委员会(2022)- https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26621/...
地球大气层之外的观测
即使所有 UAP 事件都有常规起源,搜索地球以外生命的迹象仍是一项引人入胜的科学探求。多年来,天体生物学与 SETI(搜索地外智慧)领域的研究人员一直专注于开发在宇宙中发现生命特征所需的技术与方法。要做到这一点,他们必须首先识别出一个异常特征——也许是某种暗示生命的东西——然后确定该特征是否有基于已知现象的解释,或它是否揭示了此前未被探测到的生物乃至技术活动。这些 NASA 支持的科学界在先确定、再传达“起初看似非凡的观测是否实际上证明可作出非凡主张”方面拥有相关经验⁶,⁷。
NASA 的许多科学任务至少部分地专注于回答地球以外是否存在生命的问题。那些调查包括寻找生物特征的任务,也许在火星上,或在环绕木星与土星的冰卫星上——以及更遥远处,在系外行星大气中分子的比例中。
搜索外星技术的迹象是这些调查的自然延伸。2017年,科学搜索地外智慧的先驱之一 Jill Tarter 创造了“技术特征”(technosignatures)一词,以涵盖可能可被探测到的各类技术。今天,我们将技术特征视为一个先进文明的指纹,正如我们将代谢副产物或大气气体比例视为生物的指纹一样。
数十年前,NASA 资助了短暂的射电技术特征搜索。最近,本机构资助了一项关于系外行星潜在大气技术特征的研究;它还支持了一项在现有红外数据中搜索戴森球所产生废热的勘测。此类勘测即使在没有技术特征发现的情况下也提供有用的天体物理数据。此外,太阳系探索以适度的额外成本提供了多种技术特征搜索的可能性。无论这些研究是否识别出技术特征,它们都可能提供具有科学价值的结果。
NASA 是太阳系探索的牵头机构。它已拥有一个利用地基与天基设施探测我们太阳邻域内物体的活跃项目,并可利用那些能力搜索太空中具有异常运动或轨迹的物体。例如,我们有能力发射可逃离地球轨道——乃至逃离太阳引力——的航天器。一个更先进的文明可能有能力建造速度远超地球轨道45千米/秒逃逸速度、乃至超过我们银河系600千米/秒逃逸速度的飞行器。星际旅行很可能需要此类速度,并可能涉及以相对论速度旅行。搜索穿过我们太阳系的高速物体,是一个高失败风险/高回报价值研究的例子。除在新的或现有数据集中寻找异常速度外,搜索项目还可针对具有不寻常光变曲线、加速度、光谱特征或其他相关异常的物体。
当前计划中或现有的 NASA 任务可拓宽其范围,以包括在行星大气中、行星表面或近地空间搜索地外技术特征。这些搜索一般不需要硬件或数据获取的改变,而可能只需要数据分析的新方向。例如,对稳定的地月拉格朗日点的高灵敏度研究可能会发现技术特征,但也很可能有高科学回报,例如可能发现形成我们月球的那次碰撞的残骸。
在这一点上,没有理由断定现有 UAP 报告有地外来源。然而,如果我们承认那是一种可能性,那么那些物体必定曾穿过我们的太阳系才能到达这里。正如银河系并不止于太阳系的边缘,太阳系也包括地球及其环境。因此,在系外技术特征、太阳系 SETI 与在地球大气中运作的潜在未知外星技术之间,存在一种智识上的连续统。如果我们承认其中任何一种的合理性,那么我们就应承认所有这些至少都是合理的。
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